Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and edited by countless contributing members over a period of time. A global group of dedicated editors oversee accuracy, consulting with expert advisers, and constantly reviewing additions.
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Article
5-F risk factors for cholelithiasis (mnemonic)
The 5-F rule refers to risk factors for the development of cholelithiasis in the event of upper abdominal pain:
fair: more prevalent in the Caucasian population 1
fat: BMI >30
female
fertile: one or more children
forty: age ≥40
cholelithiasis can occur in young patients with a positive fam...
Article
Abdominal organ echogenicity (mnemonic)
This mnemonic helps to remember the relative echogenicity of abdominal organs on ultrasound:
Darling Parents So Love Kids
Mnemonic
From most to least echogenic:
D: diaphragm
P: pancreas
S: spleen
L: liver
K: kidneys (cortex)
Article
Abnormal collection of barium anywhere (mnemonic)
A mnemonic used for abnormal collection of barium anywhere in the body :
FEDUP
Mnemonic
F: fistula
E: extravasation
D: diverticulum
U: ulcer
P: perforation
Article
Accessory ossicles of the wrist (mnemonic)
Accessory ossicles of the wrist can be easily recalled with the mnemonic:
LOTTEO 1
HOTELS
Mnemonic
L: lunula
O: os styloideum (carpal boss)
T: (os) triangulare
T: (os) trapezium secondarium
E: (os) epilunate
O: os hamuli propriu
Another useful mnemonic is HOTELS
H: (os) hamuli propr...
Article
Acro-osteolysis (mnemonic)
The causes of acro-osteolysis can be remembered using the mnemonic:
PINCH FO
Mnemonic
P: psoriasis/pyknodysostosis
I: injury, e.g. thermal burn, frost bite
N: neuropathy, e.g. diabetes, leprosy
C: collagen vascular disease, e.g. scleroderma, Raynaud disease
H: hyperparathyroidism
F: fami...
Article
Acute bacterial meningitis complications (mnemonic)
The complications of acute bacterial meningitis can be remembered using the mnemonic:
HACTIVE
Mnemonic
H: hydrocephalus
A: abscess
C: cerebritis / cranial nerve lesion
T: thrombosis
I: infarct
V: ventriculitis/vasculopathy
E: extra-axial collection: empyema and hygroma
Related articles...
Article
Acute stroke symptoms (mnemonic)
Useful mnemonics to remember the symptoms of acute stroke is:
FAST
BE-FAST
Mnemonics
FAST
F = face (look uneven?)
A = arm (drift down?)
S = speech (sound strange or difficulty speaking)
T = time (brain cells die every second)
BE-FAST
B = balance (sudden loss of balance)
E = eye (sudde...
Article
Ageing blood on MRI (mnemonic)
Ageing blood on MRI is dependent on the varying MRI signal characteristics of haemorrhagic collections with time and can be very useful in correlating the imaging findings with the clinical picture. However, as it can be complicated to recall the MRI features of ageing blood through the five sta...
Article
Anterior ankle tendons (mnemonic)
A mnemonic that refers to the order of the ankle tendons that pass under the extensor retinaculum of the ankle running from medial to lateral is:
Tom Hates Dick
Mnemonic
T: tibialis anterior
H: extensor hallucis longus
D: extensor digitorum longus
History and etymology
The phrase Tom, Di...
Article
Anterosuperior mediastinal mass (mnemonic)
The common causes of an anterosuperior mediastinal mass can be remembered by using the mnemonic:
5 Ts
Mnemonic
T: thymus
T: thyroid
T: thoracic aorta
T: terrible lymphoma
T: teratoma and germ cell tumours - see mediastinal germ cell tumours
Testicular cancer metastasis can represent a si...
Article
Aortic arch branches (mnemonic)
A useful mnemonic to remember the major branches of the aortic arch is:
ABC'S
Mnemonic
A: arch of aorta
B: brachiocephalic trunk
C: left common carotid artery
S: left subclavian artery
Article
Apical lung disease (mnemonic)
A handy mnemonic to remember common apical lung diseases is:
SET CARP or CARPETS
Mnemonic
S: sarcoidosis
E: eosinophilic pneumonia
T: tuberculosis
C: cystic fibrosis
A: ankylosing spondylitis
R: radiation pneumonitis
P: pneumoconiosis
Article
Articular cartilage calcification (mnemonic)
An easy to remember mnemonic for the causes of articular cartilage calcification is:
HOGWASH
Mnemonic
H: hyperparathyroidism
O: ochronosis
G: gout
W: Wilson disease
A: arthritis
S: pseudogout
H: haemochromatosis
Article
Auditory brainstem response tracing (mnemonic)
This mnemonic helps when remembering the ascending order of structures that corresponds to each waveform in an auditory brainstem response (ABR) tracing:
E COLI
Mnemonic
E: eighth nerve action potential (wave I)
C: cochlear nucleus (wave II)
O: olivary complex (superior) (wave III)
L: late...
Article
Avascular necrosis causes (mnemonic)
Mnemonics for the causes of avascular necrosis (AVN) or more correctly osteonecrosis:
STARS
PLASTIC RAGS
ASEPTIC
Mnemonics
STARS
Most common causes:
S: steroids
T: trauma (e.g. femoral neck fracture, hip dislocation, scaphoid fracture, slipped capital femoral epiphysis 2)
A: alcohol abu...
Article
Axillary artery branches (mnemonic)
Useful mnemonics to remember the branches of the axillary artery are:
S AL SAP
Screw the lawyer, save a patient!
Mnemonics
S AL SAP
S: superior thoracic artery (from 1st part)
A: acromiothoracic (thoracoacromial) artery (from 2nd part)
L: lateral thoracic artery (from 2nd part)
S: subsca...
Article
Basilar invagination (mnemonic)
A mnemonic to help recall the causes of basilar invagination is:
PF ROACH
Mnemonic
P: Paget disease of bone
F: fibrous dysplasia
R: rheumatoid arthritis, rickets
O: osteogenesis imperfecta, osteomalacia
A: achondroplasia
C: Chiari I and Chiari II, cleidocranial dysostosis
H: hyperparath...
Article
Behavioural changes in obstructive sleep apnoea (mnemonic)
A mnemonic used to remember the behavioural changes of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is:
APRIL
Mnemonic
A: aggression
P: poor school performance
R: restlessness
I: irritability
L: lack of concentration
Article
Benign lytic bone lesions that rarely occur in patients over 30 (mnemonic)
A mnemonic to remember five benign lytic lesions that rarely occur in patients over 30 years of age.
SCAN Everything
Mnemonic
S - simple bone cyst
C - chondroblastoma
A - aneurysmal bone cyst
N - non-ossifying fibroma
E - eosinophilic granuloma
In a patient older than 30 years of age th...
Article
Bladder calcification (mnemonic)
A simple mnemonic to recall the common causes of bladder calcification is:
SCRITT
Mnemonic
S: schistosomiasis
C: cytotoxic: see radiation- and chemotherapy-induced cystitis
R: radiation: see radiation- and chemotherapy-induced cystitis
I: interstitial cystitis
T: tuberculosis
T: transiti...
Article
Bladder wall calcification (mnemonic)
A mnemonic for the causes of bladder wall calcification is:
CREST
Mnemonic
C: cystitis post radiation therapy / chemotherapy / chronic infection
R: radiation
E: eosinophilic cystitis
S: schistosomiasis
T: tuberculosis
Article
Bochdalek hernia features (mnemonic)
A helpful mnemonic for remembering the features of a Bochdalek hernia is:
BBBBB
Mnemonic
B: Bochdalek
B: big
B: back and medial, usually on the left side
B: baby
B: bad (associated with pulmonary hypoplasia)
Article
Bone cortical lesions (mnemonic)
A mnemonic for bony cortical lesions is:
MOFOS
Mnemonic
M: metastasis
O: osteomyelitis
F: fibrosarcoma
O: osteoid osteoma
S: stress fracture
Article
Bone within a bone appearance (mnemonic)
A useful mnemonic to remember the possible aetiologies of a bone within a bone appearance is:
GHOST DRAGON
Mnemonic
G: growth arrest lines
H: heavy metal, hypoparathryoid, hypothyroid
O: osteopetrosis
S: sickle cell anaemia, scurvy, syphilis
T: thalassamia, tuberculosis
D: disease of Caf...
Article
Bony lesions without periostitis or pain (mnemonic)
A mnemonic to help remember bony lesions that have no pain or periostitis is:
E FUN
Mnemonic
E: enchondroma
F: fibrous dysplasia
U: unicameral bone cyst
N: non-ossifying fibroma
If periostitis or pain is present (assuming no trauma, which can be a foolhardy assumption), you can exclude E-...
Article
Bony sequestrum (mnemonic)
Mnemonics to help remember common causes of bony sequestrum include:
E-FILM
LIFE
FILE
Mnemonics
E-FILM
E: eosinophilic granuloma
F: fibrosarcoma
I: infection (Brodie abscess)
L: lymphoma (skeletal)
M: malignant fibrous histiocytoma or metastasis (especially from breast carcinoma)
LI...
Article
Bowel sacculation (mnemonic)
A mnemonic to remember causes of bowel sacculation is:
MISC
Mnemonic
M: metastasis
I: ischaemia
S: scleroderma
C: Crohn disease
Article
Brachial plexus root subdivisions (mnemonic)
Mnemonics for brachial plexus root subdivisions include:
Robbie T Drinks Cold Beer
Rugby Teams Drink Cold Beers
or Rad Techs Drink Cold Beer
Reach To Drink Cold Beer
Read That Damn Cadaver Book
Really Tired, Don't Care Now (nerve instead of branch)
Red Tits Don't Come Back (red-headed ti...
Article
Brachial plexus terminal branches (mnemonic)
Mnemonics for brachial plexus terminal branches includes:
Most Alcoholics Must Really Urinate
Where the first letter of each word represents the terminal branches of the brachial plexus:M: musculocutaneous nerveA: axillary nerveM: median nerveR: radial nerveU: ulnar nerve
Article
Branches of anterior and posterior divisions of the internal iliac artery (mnemonic)
A useful mnemonic to remember the branches of the anterior and posterior divisions of the internal iliac artery is:
I <3 U SUMO SIL which reads as "I love you sumo Sil"
Mnemonic
I: internal pudendal artery
I: inferior vesical artery *
I: inferior gluteal artery
U: uterine artery (in femal...
Article
Branches of internal carotid artery (mnemonic)
Useful mnemonics to remember the branches of the internal carotid artery is:
A VIP'S COMMA
Calming voices make intra operative surgery pleasurable and almost memorable.
Mnemonic
A VIP'S COMMA
A: anterior choroidal artery (C7)
V: Vidian artery (C2)
I: inferolateral trunk (C4)
P: posterio...
Article
Branches of internal iliac artery (mnemonic)
A useful mnemonic to remember the branches of the internal iliac artery is:
I Love Going Places In My Very Own Underwear!
Mnemonic
I: iliolumbar artery
L: lateral sacral artery
G: gluteal (superior and inferior) arteries
P: (internal) pudendal artery
I: inferior vesical (vaginal in female...
Article
Branches of maxillary artery (mnemonic)
A mnemonic for remembering the branches of the maxillary artery is:
DAM I AM Piss Drunk But Stupid Drunk I Prefer, Must Phone Alcoholics Anonymous
Mnemonic
D: deep auricular artery
A: anterior tympanic artery
M: middle meningeal artery
I: inferior alveolar artery
A: accessory meningeal ar...
Article
Branches of ophthalmic artery (mnemonic)
A useful mnemonic to remember the branches of the ophthalmic artery is:
DR MCLESSI
Mnemonic
D: dorsal nasal artery
R: (central) retinal artery
M: muscular artery
C: ciliary arteries (long, short and anterior)
L: lacrimal artery
E: ethmoidal arteries (anterior and posterior)
S: supraorbi...
Article
Branches of the anterior division of the internal iliac artery (mnemonic)
Mnemonics to remember the branches of the anterior division of the internal iliac artery are:
SOI VU MR PIG (it can be remembered as SO fourth (IV) U MR PIG)
Oranges Under Some Ice Might Peel Instantly
Mnemonics
SOI VU MR PIG
S: superior vesical artery
O: obturator artery
IV: inferior ves...
Article
Branches of the external carotid artery (mnemonic)
Mnemonics for the branches of the external carotid artery abound. A few colourful examples include:
Some American Ladies Found Our Pyramids Most Satisfactory
Some Anatomists Like Freaking Out Poor Medical Students
She Always Likes Friends Over Papa, Sister, and Mama
There are many many many...
Article
Branches of the posterior division of the internal iliac artery (mnemonic)
Mnemonics to remember the three branches of the posterior division of the internal iliac artery include:
I Love Sex
PILLS G
Mnemonic
I Love Sex
I: iliolumbar artery
L: lateral sacral artery
S: superior gluteal artery
PILLS G
P: posterior division of the internal iliac artery
IL: iliolu...
Article
Branches of the thoracoacromial artery (mnemonic)
Useful mnemonics to remember the four branches of the thoracoacromial artery are:
ABCD
CAlifornia Police Department
Cadavers Are Dead People
PACkeD
Mnemonics
ABCD
A: acromial
B: breast (pectoral)
C: clavicular
D: deltoid
CAlifornia Police Department
C: clavicular
A: acromial
P: pe...
Article
Breast lesion localisation (mnemonic)
A mnemonic to help remember breast lesion localisation when given a set of mammograms in medio-lateral oblique (MLO) and 90-degree/true lateral (medio-lateral [ML] or latero-medial [LM]) views to predict laterality is:
muffins rise and lead falls
This can help localise a finding on MLO during ...
Article
Broad ligament contents (mnemonic)
A mnemonic for the contents of the broad ligament is:
BROAD
Mnemonic
B: bundle (ovarian neurovascular bundle)
R: round ligament
O: ovarian ligament
A: artefacts (vestigial structures)
D: duct (oviduct)
Article
Bronchial fracture (mnemonic)
A mnemonic for the features of a bronchial fracture on a chest radiograph is:
PPP
Mnemonic
P: progressive or
P: persistent pneumothorax or
P: pneumomediastinum
Article
Bronchiectasis (mnemonic)
A mnemonic to remember the common causes of bronchiectasis is:
CAPT Kangaroo has Mounier Kuhn
Mnemonic
C: cystic fibrosis or congenital cystic bronchiectasis (Williams-Campbell syndrome)
A: allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA)
P: post-infectious (most common)
T: tuberculosis (gra...
Article
Bronchopulmonary segments (mnemonic)
Mnemonics to remember the bronchopulmonary segments are:
A PALM Seed Makes Another Little Palm (right lung)
ASIA ALPS (left lung)
Mnemonic
'A PALM Seed Makes Another Little Palm'
right upper lobe
A: apical segment
P: posterior segment
A: anterior segment
middle lobe
L: lateral segment
...
Article
Bronchovascular spread (mnemonic)
A mnemonic to remember diseases that undergo bronchovascular spread is:
SKILL
Mnemonic
S: sarcoidosis
K: Kaposi sarcoma
I: infection: pneumocystis pneumonia/tuberculosis
L: lymphoma
L: lymphangitis carcinomatosis
Article
Calcaneal lesions (mnemonic)
A mnemonic for calcaneal lesions is:
BIG G
Mnemonic
B: bone cyst (unicameral)
I: intraosseous lipoma
G: ganglion (intraosseous)
G: giant cell tumour
Article
Calcifying metastases (mnemonic)
A simple mnemonic to recall a list of commonly calcifying metastases is:
BOTOM
Mnemonic
B: breast cancer
O: osteosarcoma
T: papillary thyroid cancer
O: ovarian cancer (especially mucinous)
M: mucinous adenocarcinoma (especially colorectal carcinoma)
Article
Carbolic acid poisoning symptoms (mnemonic)
The symptoms of carbolic acid poisoning can be recalled using the mnemonic:
5 Cs
Mnemonic
C: CNS depression
C: constricted pupil
C: carboluria (smoky urine)
C: cartilage
C: corneal deposition
Article
Cardiophrenic angle mass (mnemonic)
A useful mnemonic to remember the differential diagnoses of a cardiophrenic angle mass is:
Fat PAD
Mnemonic
F: fat
P: pericardial cyst
A: aneurysm, adenopathy (lymph nodes)
D: diaphragmatic hernia
Article
Carpal bones (mnemonic)
Mnemonics of the carpal bone are numerous and useful for memorising the order and location of the bones. They usually describe the position of the carpal bones from lateral to medial in the proximal row and then the distal row:
Sam Likes To Push The Toy Car Hard
She Looks Too Pretty Try To Cat...
Article
Carpal tunnel syndrome causes (mnemonic)
Carpal tunnel syndrome results from compression of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel. Its causes are numerous and varied.
A useful mnemonic to remember the various pathologies is MEDIAN TRAP:
M: myxoedema
E: (o)edema
D: diabetes mellitus
I: idiopathic
A: acromegaly
N: neoplasm
T...
Article
Causes and complications of oligohydramnios (mnemonic)
A helpful mnemonic for remembering some causes and complications of oligohydramnios is:
DRIPPC
Mnemonic
D: demise
R: renal abnormalities (decreased urine output)
I: IUGR
P: premature rupture of membranes
P: post-dates
C: chromosomal anomalies
Related articles
oligohydramnios
oligohyd...
Article
Causes of acute confusion in the elderly (mnemonic)
A mnemonic to help recall some of the causes of acute confusion in the elderly include:
How Come 'Dis DoDo Is Excited
Mnemonic
H: hypoxia
C: constipation
D: drug effects
D: diabetes
D: dehydration
I: infection
E: electrolyte imbalance
Article
Causes of air trapping on high-resolution CT chest (mnemonic)
A mnemonic to remember the causes of air trapping on HRCT chest is:
Once with HSBC, you are trapped with HSBC
H: hypersensitivity pneumonitisS: sarcoidosisB: bronchiolitis obliteransC: cystic fibrosis / bronchiectasis
Article
Causes of breast oedema (mnemonic)
The causes of breast oedema can be remembered using the mnemonic:
VIRALS
Mnemonic
V: venous obstruction
I: inflammatory breast cancer
R: radiotherapy
A: abscess
L: lymphatic obstruction
S: surgery (recent)
Article
Causes of dementia (mnemonic)
The causes of dementia can be remembered using the mnemonic:
VANISHED
Mnemonic
V: vitamin deficiency: B1, B6, B12, folate
A: autoimmune: cerebral vasculitis, systemic lupus erythematosus
N: normal pressure hydrocephalus, neoplasia
I: infection: Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, herpes simplex enc...
Article
Causes of pancreatitis (mnemonic)
A catchy and early learnt mnemonic for recalling some of the causes of pancreatitis is:
I GET SMASHED
Mnemonic
I: idiopathic
G: gallstones
E: ethanol (alcohol)
T: trauma
S: steroids
M: mumps (and other infections) / malignancy
A: autoimmune
S: scorpion stings/spider bites
H: hyperlip...
Article
Causes of pulseless electrical activity (mnemonic)
Pulseless electrical activity is a very disconcerting medical scenario with a very high mortality unless its aetiology can be quickly ascertained and corrected. A mnemonic to remember the different causes of pulseless electrical activity is:
MAD (triple H) CAT
Mnemonic
M: massive pulmonary em...
Article
Causes of sacroiliitis (mnemonic)
A mnemonic for remembering the symmetric vs. asymmetric causes of sacroiliitis is:
PAIR
Mnemonic
P: psoriatic arthritis
A: ankylosing spondylitis
I: inflammatory bowel related
R: reactive (e.g. Reiter syndrome)
The outside letters P & R (letters are far apart) are the asymmetric causes an...
Article
Cavernous sinus contents (mnemonic)
The structures inside and beside the cavernous sinus and their relative positions can be recalled with the following mnemonic:
O TOM CAT
Consider a coronal view of the cavernous sinus.
'O TOM' are the first letters of components of the lateral wall of cavernous sinus considered vertically, fr...
Article
Cerebellopontine angle mass (mnemonic)
Mnemonics for the common cerebellopontine angle masses include:
AMEN or MEAN
SAME
Mnemonics
AMEN/MEAN
A: acoustic schwannoma (~80%)
M: meningioma (~10%)
E: ependymoma (~5%)
N: neuroepithelial cyst (arachnoid/epidermoid) (~5%)
SAME
S: schwannoma
acoustic schwannoma much more commo...
Article
Cerebral ring enhancing lesions (mnemonic)
Convenient mnemonics for the causes of cerebral ring enhancing lesions are:
MAGIC DR or DR MAGIC
DR MAGIC L
MAGICAL DR
Mnemonics
MAGIC DR or DR MAGIC
M: metastasis
A: abscess
G: glioblastoma
I: infarct (subacute phase)
C: contusion
D: demyelinating disease
R: radiation necrosis or re...
Article
Cervical incompetence morphological changes of the internal os (mnemonic)
Sequential morphological ultrasound changes of the endocervical canal with cervical incompetence can be remembered using the mnemonic:
Trust Your Vaginal Ultrasound
Mnemonic
T-shaped (normal internal cervical os)
Y-shaped
V-shaped
U-shaped
Related article
cervical incompetence
funnelin...
Article
Charcot joint causes (mnemonic)
The causes of a Charcot joint can be remembered, with a little poetic license, as they (all) start with the letter S.
Mnemonic
sugar (diabetes)
syphilis
steroid use
syringomyelia
spinal cord injury
spina bifida
scleroderma
(leprosy)
The features of Charcot arthropathy can be remembered...
Article
Chest radiograph pre-interpretation (mnemonic)
A helpful mnemonic for chest radiograph pre-interpretation is:
POPIRAM
Mnemonic
P: projection, PA or AP? left lateral or right lateral?
O: orientation, determine left and right of the chest x-ray
P: penetration (of the x-ray), under- or over-penetration?
I: inspiration, poor or optimal ins...
Article
Chondrocalcinosis (mnemonic)
Mnemonics for chondrocalcinosis include:
3 Cs
WHIP A DOG
HOGWASH
Mnemonics
3 Cs
C: crystals e.g. CPPD, sodium urate (gout)
C: cations e.g. calcium (any cause of hypercalcemia), copper, iron
C: cartilage degeneration (e.g. osteoarthritis, acromegaly, ochronosis)
WHIP A DOG
W: Wilson di...
Article
Complications of petrous temporal bone fracture (mnemonic)
A handy mnemonic to recall the complications of transverse and longitudinal petrous temporal bone fractures is:
listen carefully to something funny
Mnemonic
listen carefully = longitudinal / conductive hearing loss
to something funny = transverse / sensorineural hearing loss and facial nerve...
Article
Conditions with lower lobe predominance (mnemonic)
Mnemonics for conditions with a lower lobe predominance in chest radiology include:
CIA
BADAS
RASCO
Mnemonic
CIA
C: collagen vascular disease
I: idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
A: asbestosis
BADAS
B: bronchiectasis
A: aspiration pneumonia
D: drugs; desquamative interstitial pneumonia
...
Article
Conditions with upper lobe predominance (mnemonic)
STEP UP:
Sarcoidosis, Silicosis
Tuberculosis
Eosinophilic Pneumonia
Pneumoconiosis
UP
Article
Congenital hypothyroidism (mnemonic)
The features of an infant with congenital hypothyroidism can be recalled with the following mnemonic:
5 Ps of congenital hypothyroidism
Mnemonic
P: pot belly
P: pallor
P: puffy face
P: protruding umbilicus
P: poked out tongue
Article
Contents of the cubital fossa (mnemonic)
A useful mnemonic to remember the contents of the cubital fossa is, from medial to lateral:
My Brother Throws Rad Parties
Mnemonic
M: median nerve
B: brachial artery
T: tendon of biceps
R: radial nerve
P: posterior interosseous branch of radial nerve
Article
Corpus callosum hyperintensity (mnemonic)
A useful mnemonic to remember the causes of corpus callosum hyperintensity is:
I MADE A PHD
Mnemonic
I: infections (e.g. tuberculosis, varicella, rotavirus, HSV)
M: Marchiafava-Bignami syndrome
A: AIDS encephalopathy
D: diffuse axonal injury and diffuse vascular injury
E: epilepsy
A: a...
Article
Corpus callosum parts (mnemonic)
A useful mnemonic to help remember the parts of the corpus callosum, from anterior to posterior, is:
Remember Genu Before Splenium
Remember G Before S (as G comes before S alphabetically)
Mnemonics
R: rostrum
G: genu
B: body (trunk)
S: splenium
Article
Cortically-based brain tumours (mnemonic)
A handy mnemonic to recall cortically-based brain tumours is:
PDOG
Mnemonic
P: pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma
D: dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumour (DNET); desmoplastic infantile astrocytoma and ganglioglioma
O: oligodendroglioma
G: ganglioglioma
Article
Cortical nephrocalcinosis (mnemonic)
A mnemonic for common causes of cortical nephrocalcinosis is:
COAG
Mnemonic
C: cortical necrosis
O: oxalosis
A: Alport syndrome
G: (chronic) glomerulonephritis
See also
nephrocalcinosis
cortical nephrocalcinosis
medullary nephrocalcinosis
medullary nephrocalcinosis mnemonic
Article
Couinaud classification of hepatic segments (mnemonic)
Pauli et al published a "handy" way to remember the Couinaud classification of hepatic segments 1.
Make a fist with your right hand. The fingers should be wrapped around the flexed thumb and the fist should face you. The segments are represented by the following:
segment I: (caudate): the thum...
Article
Cranial nerves (mnemonic)
There are many cranial nerve mnemonics that can be memorable and rude/lewd. Either way, they can be helpful for remembering the names of the twelve cranial nerves, as well as remembering which nerves are sensory, motor, or both.
Remembering cranial nerve names in order of CN I to CN XII:
On ol...
Article
Cystic lesions of the spleen (mnemonic)
A mnemonic for causes of cystic lesions in the spleen is:
TEAM
Mnemonic
T: trauma
E: echinococcal
A: abscess
M: metastasis
Article
DeBakey classification (mnemonic)
A mnemonic used to remember the DeBakey classification 1 is:
BAD
Mnemonic
B: both ascending and descending aorta (type I)
A: ascending aorta (type II)
D: descending aorta (type III)
Article
Diaphragmatic apertures (mnemonic)
A useful mnemonic to remember the thoracic spinal levels at which the three major structures pass through the diaphragm is:
I ate (8) 10 eggs at 12
Mnemonic
I ate (8): inferior vena cava at T8
10 eggs: (o)esophagus at T10
at 12: aorta at T12
Article
Diaphyseal lesions (mnemonic)
A mnemonic for a short list of diaphyseal lesions is:
CEMENT
Mnemonic
C: bone cysts
E: enchondroma/Ewing sarcoma
M: bone metastasis
E: eosinophilic granuloma
N: non-ossifying fibroma (NOF)
T: tuberculosis/osteomyelitis
Article
Diffuse bony sclerosis (mnemonic)
Useful mnemonics for remembering causes of diffuse bony sclerosis include:
3 M's PROOF
Regular Sex Makes Occasional Perversions Much More Pleasurable And Fantastic 1
Mnemonics
3 M's PROOF
M: malignancy
metastases (osteoblastic metastases)
lymphoma
leukaemia
M: myelofibrosis
M: mastoc...
Article
Eggshell calcification in thorax and mediastinum (mnemonic)
A helpful mnemonic for major causes of eggshell calcification in the thorax and mediastinum is:
A Silly Cool Sergeant Likes His Tubercular Blast
Mnemonic
A: amyloidosis
S: silicosis
C: coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP)
S: sarcoidosis
L: lymphoma: (postirradiation Hodgkin disease)
H: hi...
Article
Ejaculatory pathway of sperm (mnemonic)
A useful mnemonic to remember the ejaculatory pathway of sperm is:
SEVEN UP
Mnemonic
S: seminiferous tubules of the testes
E: epididymis
V: vas (ductus) deferens
E: ejaculatory duct
N: nothing
U: urethra
P: penis
Article
Elbow ossification (mnemonic)
Mnemonics for elbow ossification include CRITOE and CRITOL. These are essentially the same, apart from the terminal letter which represents the External or Lateral epicondyle.
Mnemonics
CRITOE
C - capitellum
R - radial head
I - internal epicondyle
T - trochlea
O - olecranon
E - external ...
Article
Emergency CT head (mnemonic)
A useful mnemonic which is used to read an emergency head CT scan is:
Blood Can Be Very Bad
Mnemonic
Using a systematic approach will help to ensure that significant neuropathology will not be missed.
B: blood
look for epidural hematoma, subdural hematoma, intraparenchymal hemorrhage, intra...
Article
Endobronchial metastases (mnemonic)
Primary neoplasms which may result in endobronchial metastases may be memorized by utilizing the following mnemonic:
Kiss My RBC 1
Mnemonic
Kiss: Kaposi sarcoma
My: melanoma
R: renal cell carcinoma
B: breast cancer
C: colorectal carcinoma, cervical carcinoma, carcinoid
See also
endobro...
Article
Erector spinae muscles (mnemonic)
There are multiple handy mnemonics to recall the erector spinae muscles. They usually describe the position from lateral to medial.
I Like Standing
I Love Sex
I Long for Spinach
I Like Siri
Mnemonic
I: iliocostalis
L: longissimus
S: spinalis
Article
Erlenmeyer flask deformity (mnemonic)
Some of the causes of an Erlenmeyer flask deformity can be recalled with the following mnemonics:
CHONG
Lead GNOME
APC(de)FGH
Mnemonics
CHONG
C: craniometaphyseal dysplasias
H: haemoglobinopathies
thalassemia
sickle cell disease
O: osteopetrosis
N: Niemann-Pick disease
G: Gaucher dis...
Article
External jugular vein tributaries (mnemonic)
A mnemonic to remember external jugular vein (formed by the retromandibular and posterior auricular veins) tributaries is:
PAST
Mnemonic
P: posterior external jugular vein
A: anterior jugular vein
S: suprascapular vein
T: transverse cervical vein
Article
Extraocular muscle involvement in thyroid associated orbitopathy (mnemonic)
A mnemonic to remember the order in which extraocular muscles are involved in thyroid-associated orbitopathy (TAO) is:
I'M SLOw
Mnemonic
I: inferior rectus
M: medial rectus
S: superior rectus
L: lateral rectus
O: obliques
There is some debate about this however. Some claim superior rectu...
Article
Extrinsic muscles of the tongue (mnemonic)
The extrinsic muscles of the tongue can be remembered with the following mnemonic:
Paris St Germain's Hour
Mnemonics
Paris St. Germain's Hour
P: palatoglossus
S: styloglossus
G: genioglossus
H: hyoglossus
Article
Facial nerve branches (mnemonic)
There are many mnemonics to recall the branches of the facial nerve (superior to inferior) as they exit the anterior border of the parotid gland. Examples include:
Tall Zulus Bear Many Children
Two Zulus Bit My Cat
Two Zebras Bit My Coccyx
Ten Zebras Buggered My Car
To Zanzibar By Motor Car...
Article
Facial nerve segments (mnemonic)
Helpful mnemonics for remembering the segments of the facial nerve include:
I Love Going To Makeover Parties 1
I Love Grinning, Then Making Pouts
both grinning and pouting are performed by muscles which are innervated by the facial nerve
I Must Learn To Make (facial) Expressions
Mnemonics
...
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