Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
16,854 results found
Article
Basal ganglia T2 hyperintensity
The causes of basal ganglia T2 hyperintensity can be remembered using the mnemonic LINT:
lymphoma
ischemia
hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy
venous infarction (internal cerebral vein thrombosis)
neurodegenerative
autoimmune encephalitis (e.g. anti-D2 dopamine receptor / anti-CV2 encephaliti...
Article
Segond fracture
Segond fracture is an avulsion fracture of the knee that involves the lateral aspect of the tibial plateau and is very frequently (~75% of cases) associated with disruption of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). On the frontal knee radiograph, it may be referred to as the lateral capsular sign...
Article
Spiculated periosteal reaction
Spiculated periosteal reaction represents spicules of new bone-forming along vascular channels and the fibrous bands that anchor tendons to bone (Sharpey fibers).
Pathology
A spiculated periosteal reaction signifies a rapid underlying process that prevents the formation of new bone under the r...
Article
Crista terminalis
The crista terminalis is a smooth muscular ridge in the superior aspect of the right atrium, formed following resorption of the right valve of the sinus venosus. It represents the junction between the sinus venarum, the "smooth" portion of the right atrium derived from the embryologic sinus veno...
Article
Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome type II
Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome type II, also known as Langer-Giedion syndrome, is an extremely rare autosomal dominant genetic disorder.
Pathology
The effects are seen mainly on the skeletal system and primarily involves
hair: "tricho-"
nose: "rhino-"
digits of the hands and feet: "-phalang...
Article
Endometrial hyperplasia
Endometrial hyperplasia is an abnormal proliferation of the endometrial glands and stroma, defined as diffuse smooth thickening >10 mm 13. One of the major concerns is the potential malignant transformation to endometrial carcinoma.
Epidemiology
Endometrial hyperplasia affects women of all age...
Article
Post-acute COVID-19 vaccination syndrome
Post-acute COVID-19 vaccination syndrome (PACVS) 1 was recently described in a fifty-year-old woman vaccinated (after the second BNT162b2 dose). Specifically, the patient was diagnosed with chronic myopericarditis, a coagulopathy, Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) and a series of other anomalies (oc...
Article
Penetrating abdominopelvic trauma
Penetrating abdominopelvic trauma usually occurs in the setting of gunshot and stab injuries and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. CT is the modality of choice in imaging if the patient is stable enough before surgery. The most common injuries include small bowel, large bowel, liv...
Article
Endometriosis
Endometriosis is a common, chronic gynecological condition defined as the presence of functional endometrial glands and stroma-like lesions outside the uterus. It manifests in three ways: superficial (peritoneal) disease, ovarian disease (endometriomas), and deep endometriosis.
Endometriosis is...
Article
Causes of cone-shaped epiphysis (mnemonic)
A useful mnemonic for remembering the causes of cone-shaped epiphysis is:
ABCDE MOST
Mnemonic
A: achondroplasia, acrodysostosis
B: Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome
C: chondroplasia punctata, Cockayne syndrome, conorenal syndrome, cleidocranial dysplasia, cartilage-hair hypoplasia
D: dactylitis,...
Article
Chondromesenchymal hamartoma
Chondromesenchymal hamartomas are rare, benign, tumor-like nasal masses in children that have been associated with DICER1 mutations.
Epidemiology
The entity is rare: a systematic review of the literature in 2015 identified fewer than 50 reported cases 2. The mean age of presentation is 10 year...
Article
Varicocele grading on color Doppler
Varicocele grading on color Doppler can be done variably. The most elaborate and widely-accepted grading was given by Sarteschi, as below.
For a general discussion of this condition refer to the article: varicocele.
Evaluation
baseline greyscale study in supine position and measure the diame...
Article
Medical illustrations and diagrams
High-quality medical illustrations and diagrams form an important part of Radiopaedia.org.
Attribution
All illustrations should have appropriate attribution in the case findings.
We strongly favor original illustrations. This makes Radiopaedia unique and contributes to what is available for...
Article
Milwaukee shoulder
Milwaukee shoulder refers to a destructive shoulder arthropathy due to the deposition of hydroxyapatite crystals, and identification of these crystals in synovial fluid is the cornerstone of diagnosis.
Epidemiology
Milwaukee shoulder frequently affects older women, often with a history of trau...
Article
Langerhans cell histiocytosis (skeletal manifestations)
The skeleton is the most commonly involved organ system in Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) and is by far the most common location for single-lesion LCH, often referred to as eosinophilic granuloma (EG) (the terms are used interchangeably in this article). For a general discussion of this dis...
Article
Spinal epidural venous plexus congestion
Spinal epidural venous plexus congestion or dilatation is typically a complication of other pathologies.
Clinical presentation
Radiculopathy caused by the dilated epidural veins is not uncommon 1.
Pathology
Several spinal and pelvic diseases can result in secondary epidural venous engorgem...
Article
Trauma
The term trauma (plural: traumas) or traumatic injury refers to damage or harm of sudden onset caused by external factors or forces requiring medical attention.
Polytrauma or multiple trauma has been defined as a pattern of potentially life-threatening injuries involving at least two body regio...
Article
Interarterial course of the right coronary artery
Interarterial course of the right coronary artery may occur if the right coronary artery (RCA) has an aberrant origin from the left coronary sinus. The interarterial course occurs because the artery passes between the ascending aorta and the pulmonary trunk.
It is an uncommon anatomic variant w...
Article
Spontaneous intracranial hypotension
Intracranial hypotension, also known as craniospinal hypotension is a clinical entity that results from a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak that almost without exception occurs from the spine, either into the epidural space or directly into veins in the setting of CSF-venous fistulas. It usually, b...
Article
C1-C2 false localizing sign (spine)
C1-C2 false localizing sign, sometimes referred to merely as C1-C2 sign, is seen on spinal imaging and can lead to the mislocalization of a CSF leak in individuals with intracranial hypotension.
There are numerous reports of fluid at this location that have been interpreted as the actual site ...
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