Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
16,834 results found
Article
Pulmonary hypertension
Pulmonary hypertension is currently defined as a resting mean pulmonary arterial pressure of >20 mmHg at right heart catheterization, which is a hemodynamic feature that is shared by all types of pulmonary hypertension.
A resting mean pulmonary arterial pressure of ≤20 mmHg is considered normal...
Article
Lymphatic system
The lymphatic system (also known as the lymphoid system or systema lymphoideum in Terminologia Anatomica) is the collective term given to the lymphatic vessels and lymphoid tissues in the body 1,4.
Terminology
Occasionally the lymphatic system is considered with the reticuloendothelial system ...
Article
Nigrosomes
Nigrosomes are small clusters of dopaminergic cells within the substantia nigra that exhibit calbindin D28K negativity on immunohistochemistry. Five nigrosomes measuring up to a few millimeters in size have been described with the largest labeled as nigrosome-1 1.
Nigrosome-1
Nigrosome-1 withi...
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White coat hypertension
White coat hypertension (WCH or WCHT), and not to be confused with the white coat effect (WCE), is commonly defined as typical in-clinic blood pressure (BP) measurements of 140/90 mm Hg or more in the presence of multiple daytime out-of-clinic home or ambulatory BP readings averaging less than 1...
Article
Alzheimer disease
Alzheimer disease is a common neurodegenerative disease, responsible for 60-80% of all dementias, and imposing a significant burden on developed nations. It is associated with an accumulation and deposition of cerebral amyloid-β (Aβ) and is the most common cerebral amyloid deposition disease.
...
Article
Leber hereditary optic neuropathy
Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is a mitochondrial genetic disorder characterized by bilateral, progressive, central vision loss secondary to loss of the retinal ganglionic cell layer 1,2.
Epidemiology
Leber hereditary optic neuropathy classically presents in young, Caucasian, adult m...
Article
Lobar intracerebral hemorrhage
Lobar intracerebral hemorrhage is a subtype of intracerebral hemorrhage defined by their location in the peripheral cerebral hemispheres. Compared to deep intracerebral hemorrhages (involving the deep grey nuclei or brainstem), lobar hemorrhages are less likely to be related to hypertension and ...
Article
Multinodular and vacuolating neuronal tumor
Multinodular and vacuolating neuronal tumors (MVNT) are lesions with distinct cytoarchitectural patterns. They are often considered part of the heterogeneous group of tumors known as long-term epilepsy-associated tumors (LEATs).
Radiologically, MVNTs appear as small "bubbly" indolent subcortica...
Article
Pool sign (intracranial; metastatic adenocarcinoma)
The pool sign describes the brain MRI appearance whereby an intracranial mass exhibits a T2 hyperintense rim adjacent to a solid mass surrounded by peritumoral edema. This appearance has suggested to be a feature characteristic of metastatic adenocarcinoma (with various primaries).
The "pool" p...
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Central vein sign
The central vein sign is a marker for multiple sclerosis (MS) and is the imaging manifestation of the perivenular nature of demyelinating plaques. It is not pathognomonic but can be useful in helping differentiate multiple sclerosis from mimics, such as cerebral small vessel disease, neuromyelit...
Article
Amyand hernia
Amyand hernias (alternative plural: herniae) are a rare form of inguinal hernia in which the vermiform appendix is located within the hernial sac. They are seen in less than 1% of inguinal hernias.
It should not be confused with an appendix-containing femoral hernia, known as a De Garengeot he...
Article
Esophageal web
Esophageal webs refer to an esophageal constriction caused by a thin mucosal membrane projecting into the lumen.
Epidemiology
Esophageal webs tend to affect middle-aged females.
Clinical presentation
Patients are usually asymptomatic and the finding may be incidental and unimportant. However...
Article
Medical abbreviations and acronyms (V)
This article contains a list of commonly used medical abbreviations and acronyms that start with the letter V and may be encountered in medicine and radiology (please keep the main list and any sublists in alphabetic order).
A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R ...
Article
Renal trauma
Renal trauma can result from direct, blunt, penetrating, and iatrogenic injury.
Epidemiology
Renal injuries account for ~10% of abdominal trauma, and thus the demographic of affected individuals reflect that population. The incidence of renal injuries increases in pre-existing congenital or ac...
Article
West Point classification of humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament
The West Point classification of humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament (HAGL) was created to describe avulsion injuries of the inferior glenohumeral ligament (IGHL).
Classification
This classification has six types of lesions divided into two categories based on anterior or posterior i...
Article
Mean glandular dose
The mean glandular dose (MGD) is an estimate of the average absorbed dose to the glandular tissues of a breast during mammography. It is measured in Gray (Gy).
The most commonly accepted method of calculating the mean glandular dose is described by Dance et al (2000):
...
Article
Anatomic classification of congenital limb deficiencies
The anatomic classification of congenital limb deficiencies is used to classify limb deficiencies.
The anatomic classification is proposed to systematically classify all congenital limb reduction defects and avoid terminology that can be considered imprecise or derogatory 1.
This system is cur...
Article
Limb deficiency
Limb deficiencies or limb reduction defects are a spectrum of musculoskeletal disorders characterized by the absence or severe hypoplasia of a limb or part of a limb 1,2.
Terminology
Currently (c. 2024) the preferred terminology for limb deficiencies is based on the anatomic classification. Te...
Article
Cecal volvulus
Cecal volvulus describes torsion of the cecum around its mesentery which often results in obstruction. If unrecognised, it can result in bowel perforation and fecal peritonitis.
Epidemiology
Cecal volvulus accounts for ~10% of all intestinal volvuluses, and generally occur in somewhat younger ...
Article
Osmotic demyelination syndrome
Osmotic demyelination syndrome refers to acute demyelination seen in the setting of osmotic changes, typically with the rapid correction of hyponatremia. It is the preferred term replacing central pontine myelinolysis, recognizing that extrapontine structures can also be affected, previously kno...