Levine and Edwards classification of hangman fractures (diagrams)
Discussion:
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type I: fracture with <3 mm antero-posterior deviation
- no angular deviation
- C2/3 disc intact
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type II: fracture with >3 mm antero-posterior deviation
- significant angular deviation
- vertical fracture line
- C2/3 disc and posterior longitudinal ligament are disrupted
-
type IIa: type II fracture with a horizontal/oblique fracture line
- significant angular deviation without anterior translation
-
type III: type II with bilateral facet joint dislocation
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