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What are the commonest causes of haematuria in a child?

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Common causes of haematuria in a child include; infection, calculi, glomrulonephritis, trauma, HSP, coagulopathy, tumour, IgA Nephropathy.

What is the most likely site of origin of macroscopic haematuria in a child?

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Macroscopic haematuria may indicate the bladder or urethra as the site of origin, though not always.

With the above findings what are the additional points to remember in the Ultrasound technique?

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1. In the setting of possible bladder mass, the examination should be with well distended bladder to avoid missing small lesions. 2. Attachment of the mass to the wall should be demonstrated by static appearance on movement, example in decubitus views. This distinguishes clot/debris from a mural endoluminal mass. 3.Ensure origin is from bladder and not some other pelvic organ like ovary/uterus/rectum mimicking bladder origin.

What are the important negative findings in this examination?

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It is important to mention that there is no urinary obstruction (hydronephrosis or hydroureter), obvious extravesical spread or pelvic adenopathy. These will indicate an initial need for further imaging.