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Medical abbreviations and acronyms (S)

This article contains a list of commonly used medical abbreviations and acronyms that start with the letter S and may be encountered in medicine and radiology (please keep the main list and any sublists in alphabetic order). A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R ...

Meyers and McKeever classification of ACL avulsion fractures

Meyers and McKeever classification is used to categorize ACL avulsion fractures. Usage The Meyers and McKeever classification is the most frequently used system (c. 2024) to describe ACL avulsion fractures 2. Classification Under the Meyers and McKeever system (with modifications by Zariczny...

Periportal halo (CT/US)

Periportal halo or periportal collar sign refers to a zone of low attenuation seen around the intrahepatic portal veins on contrast-enhanced CT or hypoechogenicity on liver ultrasound. It likely represents periportal edema, which is often used as a synonymous term. Periportal haloes may occur ar...

Chordoma

Chordomas are uncommon malignant tumors of the axial skeleton that account for 1% of intracranial tumors and 4% of all primary bone tumors. They originate from embryonic remnants of the primitive notochord (earliest fetal axial skeleton, extending from the Rathke's pouch to the tip of the cocc...

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), also sometimes referred to as adult polycystic kidney disease, is an inherited form of adult cystic renal disease. Epidemiology Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease is one of the most common serious hereditary diseases, found in 1:...

Sildenafil citrate-induced penile Doppler

Sildenafil citrate-induced penile Doppler is a technique for evaluating erectile dysfunction. It has greater patient acceptability than the usual papaverine-induced color Doppler and is safer. Sildenafil citrate is a popular vasodilator drug used in treatment of erectile dysfunction and can ach...

Anal sphincter injury

Anal sphincter injury is a form of perineal trauma that can involve internal or external anal sphincters and may extend to the anorectal mucosa in severe cases. This article is focusing on the most common type of anal sphincter injury that is associated with vaginal delivery, and represents thi...

Investigation of hemoptysis (summary)

This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists. Hemoptysis is the coughing up of frank blood or blood-stained mucus/pus from the lungs and it is an important indicator of pathology. Careful assessment of history, clinical examination and investigations will help elicit ...

Palatoglossus muscle

The palatoglossus muscle is one of the four extrinsic muscles of the tongue. The paired muscles create ridges of mucous membrane in the lateral pharyngeal wall called the palatoglossal arches (also known as the anterior pillars of the fauces). These form the lateral boundary between the oral cav...

Midgut volvulus

Midgut volvulus is a complication of bowel malrotation usually seen in neonates and infants. Presentation is usually with proximal small bowel obstruction and bilious vomiting. Without prompt treatment, there is a real and significant risk of small bowel ischemia, significant associated morbidit...

Judet and Letournel classification for acetabular fractures

The Judet and Letournel classification divides acetabular fractures into ten major fracture patterns, five simple patterns and five complex patterns 1,2. Usage The Judet and Letournal classification is the most commonly used system for classifying acetabular fractures (c.2023), and its primary...

Posterolateral rotatory instability of the elbow

Posterolateral rotatory instability (PLRI) of the elbow is the most common pattern of elbow instability, most commonly seen following posterior elbow dislocation 1. It is characterized by 2-4: posterolateral subluxation/dislocation of the radial head relative to the capitellum posterior displa...

Hair

Hair (TA: pilus/pili) remains important physiologically and psychologically for humans. The hair shaft develops from a structure known as the hair follicle. Each hair has an arrector pili muscle and both sensory and sympathetic neural connections. Gross anatomy The hair shaft (TA: stipes pili)...

Neuroblastoma (image-defined risk factors)

Image-defined risk factors are imaging features seen at the time of neuroblastoma diagnosis that confer a poorer prognosis. The International Neuroblastoma Risk Group (INRG) suggested an update (2009) to the neuroblastoma staging with a list of features that, if present, upstages a patient with ...

Prostate cancer

Prostate cancer ranks as the most common primary malignant tumor in men and the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths in men. Prostatic adenocarcinoma is by far the most common histological type and is the primary focus of this article. Terminology The aim of prostate MRI is to det...

Skeletal survey (overview)

The skeletal survey is a radiographic series performed to survey the entire skeleton (axial skeleton, upper and lower limbs) for pathology or injury. Specific projections vary depending on the clinical indication and the institution's protocol. There are various clinical indications that may wa...

Bowl of grapes sign

The bowl of grapes sign has been described in synovial sarcoma. It refers to the characteristic multilobulated lesion subdivided by multiple septa, forming large cystic foci with regions of hemorrhage.

Psoriasis

Psoriasis is an inflammatory dermatological disease with several variants. The most common variant is plaque psoriasis, other variants of the disease are guttate, erythrodermic and pustular psoriasis 1. Epidemiology There is a geographic variation in the prevalence of psoriasis such that popul...

MRI Osteoarthritis Knee Score (MOAKS)

MRI Osteoarthritis Knee Score (MOAKS) is a semi-quantitative scoring tool published in 2011 that was developed from the Whole Organ Magnetic Resonance Imaging Score (WORMS) and Boston Leeds Osteoarthritis Knee Score (BLOKS) scoring tools 1-3. Usage MOAKS has been shown to have very good to exc...

Right lower lobe collapse

Right lower lobe (RLL) collapse forms a triangular opacity extending from the hilum to the diaphragm. There is less overlap with the heart shadow compared to left lower lobe collapse. Findings of lower lobe collapse can be grouped together as they are almost identical on both sides. For a gen...

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