Articles
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More than 200 results
Article
Pancoast tumour
Pancoast tumour, also known as superior sulcus tumour, refers to a relatively uncommon situation where a primary lung cancer arises in the lung apex and invades the surrounding soft tissues. Classically, a Pancoast syndrome results, but this is only seen in one-quarter of cases.
Terminology
T...
Article
Infraspinatus muscle
The Infraspinatus muscle is one of the four muscles that make up the rotator cuff, the others being: supraspinatus, teres minor and subscapularis.
origin: infraspinous fossa of the scapula
insertion: middle facet of the greater tubercle of the humerus
innervation: suprascapular nerve (C5-6)
...
Article
Facial nucleus
The facial nucleus or facial motor nucleus is the efferent nucleus of the facial nerve.
Gross Anatomy
The nucleus is located in the caudal lower aspect of the pontine tegmentum at the level of the middle cerebellar peduncles. It lies dorsal to the medial lemniscus and ventral and medial to the...
Article
Inferior hypophyseal artery
The inferior hypophyseal artery is a branch from the meningohypophyseal trunk, a branch of the C4 segment of the internal carotid artery. It is usually single on each side and divides into superior and inferior branches, anastomoses with its counterparts from the opposite, contributing to the in...
Article
Thymic hyperplasia
Thymic hyperplasia is a disorder whereby there is hyperplasia of the thymus.
Pathology
Thymic hyperplasia can be subdivided into two forms:
true thymic hyperplasia
lymphoid thymic hyperplasia
Both true thymic hyperplasia and lymphoid hyperplasia manifest as diffuse symmetric enlargement of...
Article
Aortic hiatus
The aortic hiatus is one of the three major apertures through the diaphragm and lies at the level of T12. Strictly speaking, it is not a real aperture in the diaphragm, but an osseoaponeurotic opening between it and the vertebral column.
The hiatus is situated slightly to the left of the midli...
Article
International Myeloma Working Group response criteria
The International Myeloma Working Group response criteria are consensus definitions used to assess response to treatment of multiple myeloma. With the latest version published in 2016, the criteria have been widely adopted for classifying responses in clinical trials and in routine practice 1. I...
Article
Thyroseq
Thyroseq® is an expanded gene classifier test designed for further evaluation of indeterminate thyroid nodules on fine needle aspiration (FNA). In particular, it is designed to further evaluate nodules that show atypia of undetermined significance/follicular lesion of undetermined significance (...
Article
Transcatheter mitral valve intervention
Transcatheter mitral valve interventions (TMVI) or percutaneous mitral valve interventions are less-invasive, highly technical procedures available for the management of selected patients with mitral valve regurgitation and include several transcatheter mitral valve repair (TMVr) and transcathet...
Article
Motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve
The motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve is the only motor nucleus of the four main trigeminal nerve nuclei.
Gross anatomy
The motor nucleus is a paired structure located within the mid-to-upper pons (tegmentum). It lies anteromedial to the main sensory nucleus and adjacent to the lateral asp...
Article
Lateral humeral line
The lateral humeral line is used to confirm the alignment of the paediatric radiocapitellar joint in the coronal plane 1. This is particularly important in injuries such as a Monteggia fracture-dislocation or in a radial neck fracture.
Measurement
The lateral humeral line is drawn on a paediat...
Article
Hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy (adults and children)
Hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy in adults and older children (i.e. not neonates), also known as global hypoxic-ischaemic injury, is seen in many settings and often has devastating neurological sequelae.
For a discussion of neonatal hypoxia, refer to neonatal hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy.
...
Article
Extensor retinaculum (foot)
The extensor retinaculum of the foot is the broad ligamentous sheet located at the dorsal aspect of the foot and consists of the superior and inferior extensor retinacula.
Gross anatomy
The superior extensor retinaculum is located proximally to the dorsal aspect of the ankle joint and houses ...
Article
Meyers and McKeever classification of ACL avulsion fractures
Meyers and McKeever classification is used to categorise ACL avulsion fractures.
Usage
The Meyers and McKeever classification is the most frequently used system (c. 2024) to describe ACL avulsion fractures 2.
Classification
Under the Meyers and McKeever system (with modifications by Zariczny...
Article
Periportal halo (CT/US)
Periportal halo or periportal collar sign refers to a zone of low attenuation seen around the intrahepatic portal veins on contrast-enhanced CT or hypoechogenicity on liver ultrasound. It likely represents periportal oedema, which is often used as a synonymous term. Periportal haloes may occur a...
Article
Skeletal survey (overview)
The skeletal survey is a radiographic series performed to survey the entire skeleton (axial skeleton, upper and lower limbs) for pathology or injury. Specific projections vary depending on the clinical indication and the institution's protocol.
There are various clinical indications that may wa...
Article
Bowl of grapes sign
The bowl of grapes sign has been described in synovial sarcoma. It refers to the characteristic multilobulated lesion subdivided by multiple septa, forming large cystic foci with regions of haemorrhage.
Article
Psoriasis
Psoriasis is an inflammatory dermatological disease with several variants. The most common variant is plaque psoriasis, other variants of the disease are guttate, erythrodermic and pustular psoriasis 1.
Epidemiology
There is a geographic variation in the prevalence of psoriasis such that popul...
Article
Right lower lobe collapse
Right lower lobe (RLL) collapse forms a triangular opacity extending from the hilum to the diaphragm. There is less overlap with the heart shadow compared to left lower lobe collapse.
Findings of lower lobe collapse can be grouped together as they are almost identical on both sides.
For a gen...
Article
Anderson and Montesano classification of occipital condyle fractures
The Anderson and Montesano classification is a widely used system for describing occipital condyle fractures. It divides injuries into three types based on morphology and mechanism of injury 1-5.
Classification
type I: impacted type occipital condyle fracture
morphology: comminution of the co...
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