Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
More than 200 results
Article
Zonary placenta
A zonary placenta also known as a ring-shaped placenta or annular placenta is an extremely rare variation in placental morphology where the placenta can appear as an annular ring. It can be a complete ring of placental tissue, but more often, tissue atrophy to part of the ring can result in a ho...
Article
Spleen
The spleen is an organ of the haematological system and has a role in immune response, storage of red blood cells and haematopoiesis.
Gross anatomy
The spleen is a wedge-shaped organ lying mainly in the left upper quadrant (left hypochondrium and partly in the epigastrium) and is protected by ...
Article
Knee (skyline Laurin view)
The knee skyline Laurin view is an inferior-superior projection of the patella. It is one of many different methods to obtain an axial projection of the patella.
Indication
This view is used in trauma to assess for a patellar fracture or subluxation and in orthopaedics for patellofemoral joint...
Article
Ultrasound-guided spinal anaesthesia
With the growing incidence of obesity in the western world, ultrasound-guided anaesthesia is becoming more common.
Spinal anaesthesia is traditionally administered by identifying relevant surface anatomy and imaging is rarely used for pre-procedural identification of structures. Ultrasound-gui...
Article
Median arcuate ligament
The median arcuate ligament is a fibrous arch connecting the left and right diaphragmatic crura at the aortic hiatus 1,2.
A low-lying median arcuate ligament can compress the coeliac axis to cause coeliac artery compression syndrome which is also known as median arcuate ligament syndrome (MALS)...
Article
Portal vein thrombosis
Portal vein thrombosis may be seen in a variety of clinical contexts, and when acute can be a life-threatening condition. It is a major cause of non-cirrhotic presinusoidal portal hypertension. Portal vein thrombus may be either bland and/or malignant (i.e. tumour thrombus), and it is a critical...
Article
Pentalogy of Cantrell
The pentalogy of Cantrell is an extremely rare phenomenon with an incidence estimated at around 6 per million live births 3.
It encompasses the following 5 main features 1.
omphalocele
ectopia cordis (abnormal location of heart)
diaphragmatic defect
pericardial defect or sternal cleft
car...
Article
Meyers and McKeever classification of ACL avulsion fractures
Meyers and McKeever classification is used to categorise ACL avulsion fractures.
Usage
The Meyers and McKeever classification is the most frequently used system (c. 2024) to describe ACL avulsion fractures 2.
Classification
Under the Meyers and McKeever system (with modifications by Zariczny...
Article
Periportal halo (CT/US)
Periportal halo or periportal collar sign refers to a zone of low attenuation seen around the intrahepatic portal veins on contrast-enhanced CT or hypoechogenicity on liver ultrasound. It likely represents periportal oedema, which is often used as a synonymous term. Periportal haloes may occur a...
Article
Skeletal survey (overview)
The skeletal survey is a radiographic series performed to survey the entire skeleton (axial skeleton, upper and lower limbs) for pathology or injury. Specific projections vary depending on the clinical indication and the institution's protocol.
There are various clinical indications that may wa...
Article
Bowl of grapes sign
The bowl of grapes sign has been described in synovial sarcoma. It refers to the characteristic multilobulated lesion subdivided by multiple septa, forming large cystic foci with regions of haemorrhage.
Article
Psoriasis
Psoriasis is an inflammatory dermatological disease with several variants. The most common variant is plaque psoriasis, other variants of the disease are guttate, erythrodermic and pustular psoriasis 1.
Epidemiology
There is a geographic variation in the prevalence of psoriasis such that popul...
Article
Right lower lobe collapse
Right lower lobe (RLL) collapse forms a triangular opacity extending from the hilum to the diaphragm. There is less overlap with the heart shadow compared to left lower lobe collapse.
Findings of lower lobe collapse can be grouped together as they are almost identical on both sides.
For a gen...
Article
Anderson and Montesano classification of occipital condyle fractures
The Anderson and Montesano classification is a widely used system for describing occipital condyle fractures. It divides injuries into three types based on morphology and mechanism of injury 1-5.
Classification
type I: impacted type occipital condyle fracture
morphology: comminution of the co...
Article
Os odontoideum
Os odontoideum (plural: ossa odontoidea) is an anatomic variant of the odontoid process of C2 and needs to be differentiated from persistent ossiculum terminale and from a type 2 odontoid fracture. It can be associated with atlantoaxial instability.
Although it was originally thought to be a c...
Article
Orthopantomography
The orthopantomogram (also known as an orthopantomograph, pantomogram, OPG or OPT) is a panoramic single image radiograph of the mandible, maxilla and teeth. It is often encountered in dental practice and occasionally in the emergency department; providing a convenient, inexpensive and rapid way...
Article
Germ cell tumours of the ovary
Germ cell tumours of the ovary account for approximately 15-20% of all ovarian tumours. In children and adolescents, up to 60% of ovarian tumours can be of germ cell origin.
They include:
ovarian teratoma(s): commonest primary benign tumour of ovary and commonest germ cell tumour:
mature (cys...
Article
Aortic arch
The aortic arch represents the direct continuation of the ascending aorta and represents a key area for a review of normal variant anatomy and a wide range of pathological processes that range from congenital anomalies to traumatic injury.
Summary
origin: continuation of the ascending aorta at...
Article
Flame sign (carotid)
The flame sign refers to a gradual tapering of contrast opacification in the mid-cervical internal carotid artery, sparing the carotid bulb. The sign can be observed on angiography (digital subtraction angiography 1, CT angiography 1, or contrast-enhanced MR angiography 2) in either of two scena...
Article
Hepatic lymphoma
Hepatic lymphoma is a term given to any form of hepatic involvement with lymphoma. This can be broadly divided into:
secondary hepatic involvement with lymphoma: most common by far, many tend to be non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) 1
primary hepatic lymphoma: extremely rare
Pathology
Risk factors f...
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