Articles
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More than 200 results
Article
Pathology in general surgery (summary)
Pathology in general surgery is predominantly intra-abdominal and the core set of conditions listed below is a starting point for final-year medical students:
bowel perforation
acute pancreatitis
appendicitis
acute cholecystitis
diverticulitis
intestinal ischaemia
colorectal carcinoma
ao...
Article
Jejunoileal bypass
Jejunoileal bypass is an older form of bariatric surgery that was developed to be an improvement on jejunocolic bypass. It is no longer performed due to severe side effects.
For this bypass, the proximal small bowel (jejunum) is divided ~35 cm past the ligament of Treitz, and the proximal end i...
Article
Inferior thoracic aperture
The inferior thoracic aperture connects the thorax with the abdomen.
Gross anatomy
The inferior thoracic aperture is irregular in shape and is more oblique and much larger than the superior thoracic aperture. The diaphragm occupies and closes the inferior thoracic aperture, thereby separating ...
Article
Kaposi sarcoma
Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a low-to-intermediate grade mesenchymal tumour that involves the lymphovascular system. The tumour can involve the pulmonary, gastrointestinal, cutaneous and musculoskeletal systems. Although it is often thought of as an AIDS-related condition, it may also be seen in other...
Article
Transpyloric plane
The transpyloric plane, also known as Addison's plane, is an imaginary axial plane located midway between the jugular notch and superior border of pubic symphysis, at approximately the level of L1 vertebral body. It an important landmark as many key structures are visualised at this level, altho...
Article
Medial inguinal fossa
The medial inguinal fossae are concave depressions of peritoneum in the paravesical space bounded by the medial umbilical folds and the lateral umbilical folds. The fossae are contained within the inguinal (Hesselbach’s) triangle. The right medial inguinal fossa typically partially contains the ...
Article
Gastric outlet obstruction
Gastric outlet obstruction, also known as pyloric obstruction, occurs when a disease or condition blocks the normal emptying of the stomach.
Pathology
Aetiology
Gastric outlet obstruction can be due to malignant or benign causes.
Malignant
adenocarcinoma (second most common 4)
GIST
lympho...
Article
Gastrocolic fistula
A gastrocolic fistula (plural: fistulas/fistulae), also known as cologastric fistula, is a rare form of gut fistulisation between the stomach and the colon.
Terminology
Gastrocolic fistula, is much more common in the literature than its synonym cologastric fistula, which is in line with the co...
Article
Bochdalek hernia
Bochdalek hernia, also known as pleuroperitoneal hernia, is the most common type of congenital diaphragmatic hernia and is located posterolaterally. Large hernias are symptomatic in neonates due to impairment of lung development. Small asymptomatic hernias are typically an incidental CT finding ...
Article
Subhepatic appendicitis
Subhepatic appendicitis refers to inflammation of the appendix in which the appendix and caecum have failed to descend inferiorly during normal development; resulting in a "subhepatic" position.
Epidemiology
Presentation of an inflamed subhepatic appendix is exceedingly uncommon, representing ...
Article
Malone antegrade continence enema procedure
A Malone antegrade continence enema is a surgical procedure where the vermiform appendix or ‘neoappendix’ is used to create a small stoma at the abdominal wall allowing antegrade enemas to be administered to empty the colon and rectum. This procedure is particularly important in children and ado...
Article
Enteritis
Enteritis (plural: enteritides) refers to inflammation of the small bowel. When associated with inflammation of the stomach, the term gastroenteritis is used which is usually caused by infection.
Pathology
Aetiology
infection
infective enteritis
eosinophilic enteritis
ischaemia
inflammato...
Article
Scaphoid abdomen
Scaphoid abdomen is the term given to an inward concavity of the anterior abdominal wall. It is used both for the clinical appearance and its radiological equivalent.
In children it maybe a sign of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. In both adult and paediatric patients, it raises the possibilit...
Article
Abdominal distension (mnemonic)
A mnemonic for causes of abdominal distension (6 Fs) is:
F: fat
F: fluid
F: flatus
F: faeces
F: fetus
F: fulminant mass
Article
Faecolith
A faecolith, also known as a coprolith or stercolith, is a stony mass of compacted faeces. They are most common in the descending and sigmoid colon, but may also form in the small bowel or appendix 1,2.
Clinical presentation
Faecoliths differ in their presentation based on size and location an...
Article
Tenesmus
Tenesmus (also known as rectal tenesmus to differentiate from vesical tenesmus) is stated by patients as the unpleasant symptom that there remains something to evacuate from the rectum despite passing a stool. It is often - but not always - painful. Frequently there are actually no faeces left i...
Article
Faeces
Faeces, also known as stool, is the solid component of human waste. Almost half of its dry mass is bacterial biomass, with the remainder comprised of undigested dietary matter, exfoliated cells of the gut, intestinal secretions, small metabolites and mucus.
Composition
Faecal matter is semiso...
Article
Faecal impaction
Faecal impaction is the inability to spontaneously evacuate solid faeces. It is common in the elderly population. A severe form of faecal impaction is often referred to as a faecaloma.
Terminology
Faecal loading is a poorly defined term but generally refers to the volume of faecal material in...
Article
Anal margin
Anal margin or perianal skin is arbitrarily defined as the circle of skin tissue within a radius of 5 cm from the anal verge, consisting of keratinising squamous epithelial tissue containing hair follicles. A radius of 5 cm approximately equates to a circle of area of 78.5 cm2 centred on the ana...
Article
Enterolithiasis
Enterolithiasis represents the formation of dense concretions (enteroliths) within the gastrointestinal tract, typically as a consequence of intestinal stasis due to underlying pathology.
Epidemiology
The condition is fairly common, with a reported prevalence of enterolithiasis ranging betwee...
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