Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
More than 200 results
Article
Mucinous carcinoma of the cervix
Mucinous carcinoma of the cervix is an uncommon histological subtype of cervical cancer. It falls under the group of adenocarcinoma of the cervix.
Radiographic features
MRI
As a general rule any mucin-producing tumour will produce very high T2 signal 1.
An enhancing lesion, irregular margin,...
Article
Umbilical venous dilatation
Umbilical venous dilatation is a rare entity and often tends to occur as an isolated finding 4.
Dilatation of the umbilical vein can arise from a number of pathologies:
umbilical venous varix (UVV): particularly if focal
fetal hydrops: a focal dilatation due to an umbilical venous varix with...
Article
Placental chorioangiomatosis
Placental chorioangiomatosis is an extremely rare condition where numerous placental chorioangiomas involve the placenta. The individual chorioangiomas can be of varying size.
Complications
Recognised complications include
precipitation of fetal hydrops 2
fetal anaemia
fetal cerebral emboli...
Article
Mesomelia
Mesomelia refers to a shortening of the middle (intermediate) portion of a limb.
Pathology
Associations
mesomelia-synostoses syndrome (MSS) or mesomelic dysplasia with acral synostoses1
Ellis van-Creveld syndrome 2
Robinow syndrome
See also
rhizomelia
Article
Goodman syndrome
Goodman syndrome is a type of acrocephalopolysyndactyly (often considered type IV). It is an extremely rare genetic disorder characterised by marked malformations of the head and face, abnormalities of the hands and feet, and congenital heart disease. The syndrome is inherited as an autosomal re...
Article
Paraovarian cystadenoma
Paraovarian cystadenoma is a usually benign adnexal tumour that does not arise from the ovary. There is an association with Von Hippel Lindau syndrome.
Radiographic features
Pelvic ultrasound
typically seen as a unilateral cystic adnexal lesion
may be a simple cyst, or contain solid nodular ...
Article
Submucosal leiomyoma in the exam
Getting a film with submucosal fibroid in the exam is one of the many exam set-pieces that can be prepared for.
Description
Transabdominal and transvaginal pelvic ultrasound scans show an anteverted uterus with endometrium that is 7 mm wide and has a trilaminar appearance indicative of the pe...
Article
Placental abruption in the exam
Getting a film with placental abruption (premature separation of placenta from uterus) in the exam is one of the many exam set-pieces that can be prepared for.
Description
Transabdominal and transvaginal pelvic ultrasound show a single live fetus with gestational age of 27 weeks. The cervix i...
Article
Polycystic ovarian syndrome in the exam
Getting a film with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) in a subfertile patient is one of the many exam set-pieces that can be prepared for.
Description
Transabdominal and transvaginal pelvic ultrasound shows an anteverted uterus with a normal size. There is diffuse thickening of the endometri...
Article
Deep perineal pouch
The deep perineal pouch is an anatomic space superior (deep) to the perineal membrane in the urogenital triangle of the perineum, anterior to the transverse line between the ischial tuberosities.
Gross anatomy
The deep perineal pouch is above (deep to) the perineal membrane in the urogenital t...
Article
Endometrial reflectivity (ultrasound grading)
Endometrial reflectivity grading on ultrasound is a system initially proposed by Smith et al. in 1984 which classifies the endometrium into four types according to the echotexture pattern. They are considered to be useful in deciding on receptivity in in-vitro fertilisation (IVF).
The Smith sys...
Article
Cervical length
In obstetric and gynaecological imaging, the cervical length is defined as the distance between the internal cervical os and the external cervical os.
Radiographic assessment
Ultrasound
the cervical length is most accurately assessed on a transvaginal scan with an empty bladder
in a normal g...
Article
Human epididymis protein 4
Human epididymis protein 4 (HE4) is an emerging serum biomarker in the assessment of epithelial ovarian tumours. HE4 is a member of the whey associated protein (WAP) gene cluster and has uncertain biological function 1.
Early results indicate that HE4 has higher sensitivity and specificity than...
Article
Semilobar holoprosencephaly
Semilobar holoprosencephaly is a subtype of holoprosencephaly characterised by incomplete forebrain division. It is intermediate in severity, being worse than lobar holoprosencephaly and better than alobar holoprosencephaly.
Epidemiology
Please refer to the general article of holoprosencephaly...
Article
Female reproductive system
The female reproductive system (or tract) comprises the vulva, vagina, uterus, uterine tubes and ovaries.
It can be imaged using a wide range of imaging modalities but ultrasound and MRI are most useful.
Article
Ovarian thecoma
Ovarian thecomas are benign ovarian tumours of sex cord / stromal (mesenchymal) origin. They are thought to account for approximately 0.5-1% of all ovarian tumours. As ovarian thecomas secrete oestrogen, they are described as functional ovarian tumours.
Epidemiology
They typically present in o...
Article
Monochorionic monoamniotic twin pregnancy
A monochorionic monoamniotic (MCMA) twin pregnancy is a subtype of monozygotic twin pregnancy. These fetuses share a single chorionic sac, a single amniotic sac, and, in general, a single yolk sac.
Epidemiology
It accounts for the minority (~5%) of monozygotic twin pregnancies and ~1-2% of al...
Article
Undifferentiated carcinoma of the ovary
Undifferentiated carcinoma of the ovary is a rare type of ovarian epithelial tumour. They account for ~ 4% of ovarian cancer 2.
Pathology
With these tumours, cellular differentiation is not sufficient for the tumour to be categorised into serous, mucinous or other specified subtypes. Pure undi...
Article
Adenomyotic cyst
An adenomyotic cyst is an extremely rare variation of cystic adenomyosis. The lesion consists of a large haemorrhagic cyst, which is partly or entirely surrounded by a solid wall. It can be entirely within the myometrium, submucosal, or subserosal and frequently is associated with symptoms of me...
Article
Vestibule of the vulva
The vestibule of the vulva (vestibule of the vagina in some texts 2) is the area between the labia minora, and posterior to the glans of the clitoris. It marks the boundary between the vagina and the vulva. The urethra, vagina and the greater vestibular glands open out into the vestibule.
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