Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
More than 200 results
Article
Hypoglossal nerve palsy
Hypoglossal nerve palsies, or twelfth nerve palsies, result in weakness of the muscles supplied by the hypoglossal nerve, namely the intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles, except for palatoglossus.
Clinical presentation
The hypoglossal nucleus receives a major component of contralateral corti...
Article
Pars tensa
The pars tensa (plural: partes tensae) is the tense portion of the tympanic membrane and refers to the main portion of the membrane.
It extends from the anterior and posterior malleolar folds at the level of the lateral process of malleus to the inferior extent of the tympanic membrane at its a...
Article
Orbital apex
The orbital apex refers to the posterior confluence of the orbit at the craniofacial junction, where nerves and vessels are transmitted from the intracranial compartment into the orbit via several bony apertures. It is also the point where the extraocular muscles derive their origins.
Contents
...
Article
Vestibulocochlear nerve
The vestibulocochlear nerve is the eighth (CN VIII) cranial nerve (TA: nervus vestibulocochlearis or nervus cranialis VIII). It exits the brainstem through the cerebellopontine angle, passing into the internal acoustic meatus as part of the acousticofacial bundle. Within the internal acoustic me...
Article
Ménière disease
Ménière disease (or idiopathic endolymphatic hydrops) is an inner ear disorder and as such can affect balance and hearing.
Clinical presentation
One or both ears can be affected. The chief symptoms are:
episodic vertigo
sensorineural hearing loss
tinnitus
a sensation of fullness in the ear...
Article
Marjolin ulcer
Marjolin ulcers reflect malignant degeneration within pre-existing scars or areas of chronic inflammation such as burns or venous ulcers.
Epidemiology
Incidence is around 1-2% from all burn scars 1,2. The average latency period between initial injury to malignant transformation is 30-35 years....
Article
Gradenigo syndrome
Gradenigo syndrome consists of the triad of:
suppurative otitis media with persistent otorrhoea and ear pain
abducens nerve palsy, secondary to involvement of the nerve as it passes through Dorello canal
retro-orbital pain, or pain in the cutaneous distribution of the frontal and maxillary di...
Article
Descending necrotising mediastinitis
Descending necrotising mediastinitis is a severe form of mediastinitis and refers to an acute, polymicrobial infection of the mediastinum that usually spreads downwards from oropharyngeal, cervical, and odontogenic infection.
Epidemiology
Associations
diabetes: more than one-third of patients...
Article
Facial angiofibroma
Facial angiofibroma, also known as fibrous papule, is a fairly common skin lesion seen in males and females after puberty.
Epidemiology
Associations
There is no hereditary predisposition for this skin lesion. However, multiple angiofibromas, which have a bilaterally symmetrical distribution o...
Article
Pseudoproptosis
Pseudoproptosis is a situation where the eye can have a proptotic anatomic appearance but without any mass effect from a lesion displacing the globe or any underlying pathology. Instances where this can occur include
buphthalmos: as a result of congenital glaucoma or severe myopia
contralatera...
Article
Sinus of Morgagni
The sinus of Morgagni is a defect in the anterior aspect of the pharyngobasilar fascia. It transmits the Eustachian tube and levator veli palatini muscle and allows communication between the nasopharynx and middle ear.
Terminology
Not to be confused with the foramen of Morgagni, an anterior th...
Article
Assessment of thyroid lesions (general)
Assessment of thyroid lesions is commonly encountered in radiological practice.
Thyroid mass
hyperplastic/colloid nodule/nodular hyperplasia: 85%
adenoma
follicular: 5%
others: rare
primary thyroid cancer (carcinoma)
papillary: 60-80% of carcinomas
follicular: 10-20%
medullary: 5%
anap...
Article
Juvenile recurrent parotitis
Juvenile recurrent parotitis is a form of recurrent inflammatory parotitis occurring in childhood.
Epidemiology
Juvenile recurrent parotitis is considered the second most common cause of parotitis in childhood and commonly begins between 3 and 6 years of age.
Clinical presentation
Multiple ...
Article
Sagittal suture
The sagittal suture is the midline cranial suture between the two parietal bones.
At the junction of coronal, sagittal and frontal sutures, the anterior fontanelle is located which is open at birth and usually fuses at around 18-24 months after birth. The junction of the coronal and sagittal su...
Article
Lambdoid suture
The lambdoid suture is the junction between the superior border of the squamous occipital bone and the posterior borders of the right and left parietal bones. It normally fuses at approximately 26 years of age.
At the junction of sagittal and lambdoid suture, the posterior fontanelle is located...
Article
Sinonasal polyposis
Sinonasal polyposis refers to the presence of multiple benign polyps in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.
Epidemiology
Sinonasal polyposis is most commonly encountered in adults and rare in children. Polyps are the most common expansile lesions of the nasal cavity 8.
Associations
Condi...
Article
Gingival cyst
Gingival cysts or dental lamina cysts are developmental oral mucosal cysts growing from the remnants of the dental lamina in the gingival or alveolar tissue. In newborns, they are transient appearances.
Epidemiology
Gingival cysts are very common and transient in newborns and are seen within t...
Article
Temporomandibular joint inflammation
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) inflammation may occur as a result of an inflammatory arthropathy or secondary to TMJ dysfunction. Since the TMJ is a synovial joint, it is susceptible to inflammatory arthropathies that affect other joints.
rheumatoid arthritis (RA): is by far the most common
a...
Article
Vertebrovenous fistula
Vertebrovenous fistulas are uncommon arteriovenous fistulas between the vertebral artery and the adjacent vertebral venous plexus 1. They can present with a variety of symptoms, including bruits and neurological symptoms and occur either spontaneously, typically in patients with connective tissu...
Article
Paranasal sinus mycetoma
Paranasal sinuses mycetomas, or fungus balls, are indolent and non-invasive fungal colonisation of the paranasal sinuses.
Pathology
Pathogenesis is thought to be a cascade of processes from insufficient mucociliary clearance leading to sinus colonisation and chronic inflammatory response. Th...
Unable to process the form. Check for errors and try again.