Articles
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More than 200 results
Article
Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma
Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (LPL) is an uncommon type of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. In this condition, the affected tissues (usually bone marrow) become infiltrated by small lymphocytes, plasmacytoid lymphocytes, and plasma cells.
Some publications state this condition synonymous with Waldens...
Article
Haemoglobin SC disease
Haemoglobin SC (HbSC) disease is a haemoglobinopathy, and a common variant of sickle cell disease (SCD). There is coinheritance of one HbS gene and one HbC gene, resulting in a milder phenotype than full-blown sickle cell disease. It most commonly manifests with a proliferative retinopathy. Pain...
Article
Notch sign (primary CNS lymphoma)
The notch sign refers to an abnormally deep depression at the tumour margin in contrast-enhanced MRI in primary CNS lymphoma 1. It is not an uncommon sign in primary CNS lymphoma and can be seen in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients. It suggests an irregular growth pattern as we...
Article
Birbeck granules
Birbeck granules refer to unusual rod-shaped structures specific to Langerhans cells. Their origin and function remain undetermined. Langerin is a crucial component within Birbeck granules.
History and etymology
Birbeck granules were first described by Michael S Birbeck in 1961 3.
Related pat...
Article
Infectious mononucleosis
Infectious mononucleosis (also known as glandular fever) is the term for infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). The infection classically occurs in teenagers and young adults, hence its popular name kissing disease. It is usually a clinical diagnosis, with confirmation by serum testing, but ma...
Article
Marginal zone lymphoma
Marginal zone lymphomas are a group of low grade non-Hodgkin lymphoma that arise from the marginal zone of B cell germinal follicles in lymph nodes. There are three types of marginal zone lymphomas depending on the site of origin, namely mucosa-accosiated lymphoid tissue (MALT), splenic and extr...
Article
YEARS criteria for pulmonary embolism
The YEARS criteria is a diagnostic algorithm that determines the risk of pulmonary embolism (PE) derived from three items in the Wells score that are most predictive of PE 1. Unlike the Wells score, it uses a variable D-dimer threshold based off clinical pre-test probability. The YEARS criteria ...
Article
Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (abdominal complications)
Abdominal complications of haematopoietic stem cell transplantation can occur early (0-100 days) or late (>100 days) post-transplant.
Complications
Early
bacterial infections, e.g. pseudomembranous colitis
fungal infections, often affecting the oesophagus or as hepatic/splenic microabscesse...
Article
Anaemia of chronic disease
Anaemia of chronic disease, also known as anaemia of inflammation, is a type of anaemia caused by chronic inflammation.
Terminology
According to some sources, the term 'anaemia of inflammation' should replace, or has already replaced, the terms 'anaemia of chronic disease' and 'anaemia of chr...
Article
Haemolytic uraemic syndrome
Haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) is a multisystem thrombotic microangiopathic disease characterised by the triad of renal failure, haemolytic anaemia and thrombocytopenia. It is the most common cause of renal failure in infancy and childhood requiring dialysis.
There are two forms of this syn...
Article
Mediastinal lymph node enlargement
Mediastinal lymph node enlargement can occur from a wide range of pathologies and can be isolated or associated with lung pathology. Historically, a size cut-off of 10 mm short-axis diameter was used.
Terminology
The term mediastinal lymphadenopathy implies lymph node disease and is not synon...
Article
AIDS-defining illness
AIDS-defining illnesses are conditions that in the setting of a HIV infection confirm the diagnosis of AIDS and do not commonly occur in immunocompetent individuals 2. According to the CDC surveillance case definition 1, they are:
Infectious
bacterial infections: multiple or recurrent
candidi...
Article
Hyperimmunoglobulin IgE syndrome
Hyperimmunoglobulin E (hyper IgE) syndrome (HIES), also known as Job syndrome, consists of a heterogeneous group of complex hereditary combined B- and T-cell immune deficiency diseases characterised by recurrent Staphylococcus aureus chest infections, characteristic coarse facial appearance and ...
Article
Pyrexia of unknown origin
A pyrexia of unknown origin, commonly shortened to PUO, and also known as a fever of unknown origin (FUO), was originally defined in 1961 as the condition in which the core body temperature is >38.3oC for a period of three weeks or more, with no diagnosis reached after one week of inpatient inve...
Article
Cyanosis
Cyanosis (plural: cyanoses) is a physical sign represented by bluish discolouration of the skin. It indicates there is reduced oxygen bound to red blood cells in the bloodstream. Diagnosis of the underlying cause of cyanosis is based on a thorough history and physical examination.
Pathology
Ae...
Article
Trousseau syndrome
Trousseau syndrome is an inconsistently defined entity which broadly represents the association between thromboembolism and malignancy, often prior to or concomitantly with the diagnosis of the underlying malignancy 1.
The syndrome has been variably defined to include entities such as migratory...
Article
Idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome
Idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome (IHES) is a leukoproliferative disorder and refers to a situation when there is an unexplained prolonged eosinophilia with associated organ system dysfunction.
Pathology
Individuals have prolonged raised total leucocyte counts with raised eosinophil count...
Article
Sézary syndrome
Sézary syndrome (SS) is a type of primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.
Clinical presentation
It is clinically characterised by an extensive erythematous rash covering most of the body as well as the presence of malignant lymphocytes in the blood.
History and etymology
It is named after Albert...
Article
Pancreatic lymphoma
Pancreatic lymphoma is most commonly a B-cell subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Epidemiology
Pancreatic lymphoma is typically seen in middle-aged patients with a mean age of around 55 years old and is more common in immunocompromised patients.
Clinical presentation
Symptoms are often non-speci...
Article
Primary ovarian lymphoma
Primary ovarian lymphoma (POL) refers to the involvement of the ovary with lymphoma but without the involvement of any other site. It is an extremely rare yet well-recognised condition.
Epidemiology
Primary ovarian lymphoma accounts for ~1.5% of ovarian tumours 5.
Pathology
The rarity of thi...
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