Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
More than 200 results
Article
Neurofibroma
Neurofibromas are benign (WHO grade 1) peripheral nerve sheath tumours that are usually solitary and sporadic. There is, however, a strong association with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), particularly for the plexiform subtype.
Neurofibromas are generally divided into five morphological forms ...
Article
Bent bone dysplasias (differential)
Bent bone dysplasias are a class of skeletal dysplasia included in a 2010 classification of genetic skeletal disorders 1:
campomelic dysplasia
Stuve-Weidemann dysplasia
kyphomelic dysplasias, a diverse class, including
congenital bowing of the long bones
cartilage-hair hypoplasia (CHH; meta...
Article
Benign enlargement of the subarachnoid space in infancy
Benign enlargement of the subarachnoid spaces in infancy (BESS or BESSI) also known as benign external hydrocephalus (BEH) is, as per the name, a benign enlargement of the subarachnoid spaces in infants. It usually involves the frontal lobe subarachnoid spaces, and it is characterised clinically...
Article
Distal humerus physeal separation
Distal humerus physeal separation is seen in children under 3 years and is often associated with non-accidental injury 1.
Clinical presentation
The child will usually present with a reduced range of motion with swelling and ecchymosis around the joint 2.
Pathology
The injury can occur durin...
Article
Retinoblastoma
Retinoblastomas are the most common intraocular neoplasm found in childhood and with modern treatment modalities, are, in most cases, curable.
On imaging, they are generally characterised by a heterogeneous retinal mass with calcifications, necrotic components and increased vascularisation on D...
Article
Hypovitaminosis C (scurvy)
Scurvy is a condition caused by a dietary lack of vitamin C (ascorbic acid), hence is also called hypovitaminosis C, and is characterised by an increased bleeding tendency and impaired collagen synthesis resulting in osteoporosis and impaired wound healing.
Epidemiology
Scurvy in adults is rar...
Article
Congenital infiltrating lipomatosis of the face
Congenital infiltrating lipomatosis of the face is a very rare congenital, non-hereditary disease manifesting with prominent unilateral facial overgrowth and deformity.
Clinical presentation
Facial asymmetry is always noted at birth. Other findings on the affected side include:
unilateral ske...
Article
Dragonfly sign
Dragonfly sign describes the appearance of the cerebellum on coronal images, which is seen secondary to cerebellar atrophy in pontocerebellar hypoplasia 1.
The sign is so called as the whole cerebellum resembles the shape of a dragonfly if one imagines the vermis is the body of the insect and t...
Article
Galeazzi fracture-dislocation
Galeazzi fracture-dislocations consist of a fracture of the distal part of the radius with disruption of the distal radioulnar joint. A Galeazzi-equivalent fracture is a distal radial fracture with a distal ulnar physeal fracture 2.
Epidemiology
Galeazzi fractures are primarily encountered in ...
Article
Bronchogenic cyst
Bronchogenic cysts are congenital malformations of the bronchial tree (a type of bronchopulmonary foregut malformation). They can present as a mediastinal mass that may enlarge and cause local compression. It is also considered the commonest of foregut duplication cysts.
Epidemiology
Bronchoge...
Article
Bilateral thalamic glioma
Bilateral thalamic gliomas are rare but characteristic low-grade astrocytomas that occur in both children and young adults.
Clinical presentation
Presentation may vary with age. Young children with bilateral thalamic glioma often have signs of increased intracranial pressure and movement disor...
Article
Cobb collar
Cobb collar, also known as a Moormann ring or congenital narrowing of the bulbar urethra, is a membranous stricture of the bulbar urethra just downstream of the external urethral sphincter. It is sometimes referred to as a type III posterior urethral valve (PUV), and does not maintain a connecti...
Article
Pyloric stenosis
Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (HPS) refers to the idiopathic thickening of gastric pyloric musculature which then results in progressive gastric outlet obstruction.
Epidemiology
Pyloric stenosis is relatively common, with an incidence of approximately 2-5 per 1000 births, and a male predilect...
Article
Apophysis of the proximal 5th metatarsal
The apophysis of the proximal 5th metatarsal (plural apophyses) lies laterally and is orientated longitudinally parallel to the shaft.
Apophysis of the fifth metatarsal base appears on plain radiographs at age 12 years for boys and 10 years for girls. Fusion of the apophysis to the metatarsal b...
Article
Multiple sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a relatively common acquired chronic demyelinating disease involving the central nervous system and is the second most common cause of neurological impairment in young adults, after trauma 19. Characteristically and by definition, multiple sclerosis is disseminated in ...
Article
Rhabdomyosarcoma (genitourinary tract)
Rhabdomyosarcomas of the genitourinary tract are uncommon tumours occurring in pelvic organs. It is a disease nearly exclusive to the paediatric population.
For a general discussion of this type of tumour, please refer to the article on rhabdomyosarcomas.
Epidemiology
The peak incidence of t...
Article
Vesicoureteric reflux
Vesicoureteric reflux (VUR) is the term for the abnormal flow of urine from the bladder into the upper urinary tract and is typically encountered in young children.
For grading of vesicoureteric reflux, please refer to vesicoureteric reflux grading.
Epidemiology
The incidence of urinary tract...
Article
Erb palsy
Erb palsy, also known as brachial plexus birth palsy, is a form of obstetric brachial plexus injury as a result of complications during delivery.
Clinical presentation
The most common cause is due to excessive lateral traction or stretching of the fetal head and neck in opposite directions du...
Article
Ulegyria
Ulegyria refers to a shrunken and flattened cortex, usually due to global hypoxic ischaemic injury in term infants, centring on the deepest portion of gyri, usually in the parasagittal region. Here, perfusion is most tenuous and, therefore, most susceptible to ischaemic damage 1.
Clinical prese...
Article
Congenital hypothyroidism
Congenital hypothyroidism (CHT), previously known as cretinism, can be of thyroidal or central (hypothalamic/pituitary) origin and can have a widely diverse molecular aetiology.
Clinical presentation
Most children are asymptomatic at birth and are diagnosed after screening. In untreated congen...
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