Articles
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More than 200 results
Article
Fetal pericardial effusion
Fetal pericardial effusions occur when there is an accumulation of pericardial fluid in utero. In order to be considered abnormal, it is generally accepted that the pericardial fluid thickness should be >2 mm ref.
Epidemiology
The estimated incidence is at ~ 2% of pregnancies 8.
Pathology
As...
Article
Fetal cardiomegaly
Fetal cardiomegaly (FC) refers to an enlarged fetal heart. It is variably defined with some sources stating the cut-off as a fetal cardio-thoracic circumference above two standard deviations 7.
Pathology
It can arise from a number of situations:
congenital cardiac anomalies: particularly
tr...
Article
Coronary arteries
The coronary arteries arise from the aortic sinuses immediately distal (superior) to the aortic valve and supply the myocardium with oxygenated blood. The arteries branch to encircle the heart, covering its surface with a lacy network, perhaps resembling a slightly crooked crown.
Gross anatomy
...
Article
Pseudocoarctation of the aorta
Pseudocoarctation of the aorta is a rare anomaly characterised by elongation of the aortic arch associated with buckling at the level of the ligamentum arteriosum.
Epidemiology
Associations
Reported associations include 3,9:
hypertension
left cervical aortic arch
true coarctation of the ao...
Article
Caseous calcification of the mitral annulus
Caseous calcification, liquefactive necrosis or ‘toothpaste tumour’ of the mitral annulus refers to a calcified cardiac mass and a rare variant of mitral annular calcification that is often misdiagnosed as a cardiac abscess or cardiac tumour.
Epidemiology
Caseous mitral annular calcification i...
Article
Rheumatic heart disease
Rheumatic heart disease (not to be confused with rheumatoid heart disease) may refer to either the acute cardiac involvement or chronic cardiac sequelae following rheumatic fever. Carditis is a major Revised Jones criterion of rheumatic fever.
Epidemiology
An increased prevalence in females ha...
Article
Behçet disease
Behçet disease is a multisystemic and chronic inflammatory vasculitis of unknown aetiology.
Epidemiology
The mean age at which Behçet disease occurs is 20-30 years. The disease is most prevalent in the Mediterranean, Middle East and East Asia. It is rarely reported in Europe. The highest incid...
Article
Primary cardiac tumours
Primary cardiac tumours are uncommon and comprise only a small minority of all tumours that involve the heart: most are mediastinal or lung tumours that extend through the pericardium and into the heart, or metastases 1.
Epidemiology
Primary cardiac tumours have an estimated autopsy prevalence...
Article
Congenital aortic stenosis
Congenital aortic stenosis broadly refers to a congenital narrowing of the aortic lumen. Although the term can mean narrowing at any point, it often relates to a narrowing of the aortic valve. As a broad group, there can be some overlap with ascending aortic coarctation depending on the definiti...
Article
Eosinophilic endocarditis
Eosinophilic endocarditis, also known as Löffler (Loeffler) endocarditis, is one of the cardiac manifestations of idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome. It is also considered a form of cardiomyopathy.
Epidemiology
There is limited information on the incidence of eosinophilic endocarditis. The ...
Article
Drug and toxin induced pulmonary hypertension
Drug and toxin induced pulmonary hypertension is one of the causes of pulmonary arterial hypertension. It falls under group 1.3 under the Dana point classification system of pulmonary hypertension.
Pathology
A wide range of different drugs have been associated with developing pulmonary hypert...
Article
Ventricular tachycardia
Ventricular tachycardia is a type of ventricular arrhythmia with at least three consecutive ventricular beats occurring at greater than 100 beats per minute. If left untreated, ventricular tachycardia can lead to ventricular fibrillation and cardiac arrest.
Epidemiology
Ventricular tachycardi...
Article
Aortic valve regurgitation
Aortic valve regurgitation, also known as aortic valve insufficiency or aortic valve incompetence, is a valvulopathy that describes leaking of the aortic valve during diastole that causes blood to flow in the reverse direction from the aorta and into the left ventricle.
Epidemiology
Aortic reg...
Article
Prosthetic valve thrombosis
Prosthetic valve thrombosis, valve thrombosis or leaflet thrombosis refers to thrombus formation of any component of a prosthetic heart valve and is a cause of prosthetic valve dysfunction and a potentially reversible complication of valvular surgery 1,2.
Subclinical leaflet thrombosis is an en...
Article
Septal branches of the left anterior descending artery
The septal branches of the left anterior descending artery supply blood flow to the interventricular septum of the heart.
Origin
These are right-sided branches (on axial CTCA) from the left anterior descending artery.
Supply
They provide the main blood supply to the anterior interventricular...
Article
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a dystrophinopathy and the most common muscular dystrophy.
Epidemiology
Duchenne muscular dystrophy has an incidence of 1 in 3500 to 5000 males 1,2. The condition is extremely rare in females due to its inheritance pattern, as discussed below 1.
Clinical p...
Article
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
Electrocardiography is the process of recording an electrocardiogram (ECG). An ECG is a recording of the heart's electrical activity carried out by measuring the potential difference across different points on the skin surface using electrodes.
Technique
This is often carried out as a '12 lead...
Article
Single coronary artery
Single coronary arteries are rare (incidence 0.03-0.07%), with a higher incidence in patients with congenital heart disease (in particular truncus arteriosus and pulmonary atresia). They occur when there is a single ostium arising from the aorta with no ectopic ostia. There is a wide variety of ...
Article
Reverse Bernheim phenomenon
Reverse Bernheim phenomenon, also known as reverse Bernheim syndrome or reverse Bernheim effect, describes the compromise of left ventricular filling caused by the interventricular septum bulging into the left ventricle. When there is right ventricular pressure and volume overload, the intervent...
Article
Left heart failure
Left heart failure or left ventricular failure is the type of heart failure attributed to left ventricular dysfunction. When the left ventricle is unable to pump blood effectively out of the heart, pulmonary oedema develops. Congestion can progress to right heart failure, with manifestations suc...
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