Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
More than 200 results
Article
Pyloric stenosis
Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (HPS) refers to the idiopathic thickening of gastric pyloric musculature which then results in progressive gastric outlet obstruction.
Epidemiology
Pyloric stenosis is relatively common, with an incidence of approximately 2-5 per 1000 births, and a male predilect...
Article
Graft versus host disease
Graft versus host disease (GvHD) is a frequent complication of allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation, commonly known as bone marrow transplantation. Antirejection drugs have reduced the incidence, although it does still frequently occur.
Pathology
Graft versus host disease can p...
Article
Chylous ascites
Chylous ascites (also known as chyloperitoneum) is defined as the abnormal intraperitoneal accumulation of milky lymphatic fluid with a triglyceride level >110 mg/dL 1. Aetiologically it is due to a disruption of the lymphatic system, most commonly obstructive due to a mass or traumatic (which m...
Article
Pancreatic calcifications
Pancreatic calcifications can arise from many aetiologies.
Punctate intraductal calcifications
chronic pancreatitis
alcoholic pancreatitis (20-40%) 2
intraductal, numerous, small, irregular
preponderant cause of diffuse pancreatic intraductal calcification
gallstone pancreatitis (2%) 2
...
Article
Mesenteric cyst
Mesenteric cysts are a very rare cause of abdominal pain and have a wide range of underlying causes.
Terminology
The term "mesenteric cyst" is considered a descriptive of the location and gross appearance of "any cyst" arising in the mesentery 8.
Epidemiology
Mesenteric cysts are rare, with...
Article
Ectopic pancreatic tissue
Ectopic pancreatic tissue, also known as heterotopic pancreatic tissue, refers to the presence of pancreatic tissue in the submucosal, muscularis or subserosal layers of the luminal gastrointestinal tract outside the normal confines of the pancreas and lacking any anatomic or vascular connection...
Article
Schatzki ring
A Schatzki ring, also called a Schatzki-Gary ring, is a symptomatic, narrow oesophageal B-ring occurring in the distal oesophagus and usually associated with a hiatus hernia.
Epidemiology
Relatively common, lower oesophageal rings are found in ~6-14% of oesophagrams 9.
Associations
More th...
Article
Aortoesophageal fistula
Aortoesophageal (aorto-oesophageal) fistulae are pathologic communications between the aorta and oesophagus and result in life-threatening upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage. They are fatal in the absence of prompt management.
Epidemiology
Aortoesophageal fistulas are a rare entity that accou...
Article
Spigelian hernia
Spigelian hernias (alternative plural: herniae), also known as lateral ventral hernias, are a type of abdominal hernia along the semilunar line, resulting in herniation between the muscles of the abdominal wall.
Epidemiology
They are rare and account for ~1% (range 0.1-2%) of ventral hernias 2...
Article
Direct inguinal hernia
A direct inguinal hernia (alternative plural: herniae) is a type of groin herniation, that arises from protrusion of abdominal viscera through a weakness of the posterior wall of the inguinal canal medial to the inferior epigastric vessels, specifically through Hesselbach's triangle.
This type ...
Article
Paravesical space
The paravesical spaces are paired avascular spaces of the pelvis. The paravesical spaces generally contain fat, but can become filled with ascites, blood, or other substances during pathological processes.
Gross anatomy
Boundaries
superior: lateral umbilical folds
inferior: pubocervical fasc...
Article
Torricelli-Bernoulli sign
The Torricelli-Bernoulli sign denotes non-dependent air trapped in a necrotic ulcer in a gastrointestinal tumour seen on axial CT or MRI. Occasionally, a vertical stream of bubbles can be seen issuing from the orifice of the ulcer.
Terminology
Torricelli's theorem gives the relation of the vel...
Article
Klebsiella
Klebsiella is a genus of Gram-negative, oxidase-negative, rod-shaped bacteria, which is relatively commonly encountered in the healthcare environment. It has numerous species, including K. pneumoniae, K. aerogenes, and K. rhinoscleromatis 1. Klebsiella may cause a range of infections, most commo...
Article
Small bowel mesentery internal hernia
Small bowel mesentery internal hernias (alternative plural: herniae) are a form of internal bowel herniation involving protrusions of viscera through defects in the peritoneum or bowel mesentery.
Epidemiology
This type of internal herniation is more often seen in neonates than in adults ref.
...
Article
Portal venous gas
Portal venous gas, also known as pneumatosis portalis, is the accumulation of gas in the portal vein and its branches. It needs to be distinguished from pneumobilia, although this is usually not too problematic when associated findings are taken into account along with the pattern of gas (i.e. p...
Article
Mackler's triad
Mackler's triad consists of the clinical symptoms of vomiting, followed by severe pain in the chest, usually retrosternal, lower thoracic, and upper abdominal, associated with subcutaneous emphysema detected on physical examination, which is suggestive of oesophageal rupture (Boerhaave syndrome)...
Article
Diffuse small bowel disease
Diffuse small bowel disease may be caused by a number of conditions may be generalised multisystem disorders or conditions that effect the bowel in a global fashion:
sprue
scleroderma
Whipple's disease
amyloidosis
hypoproteinaemia
giardiasis
intramural haemorrhage
radiation enteritis
sm...
Article
Anderson triad
The Anderson triad consists of the clinical findings of tachypnoea and abdominal rigidity with lower thoracic or epigastric pain, associated with subcutaneous emphysema, which is usually related to oesophageal rupture.
Article
Gastroschisis
Gastroschisis refers to an extra-abdominal herniation (evisceration) of fetal or neonatal bowel loops (and occasionally portions of the stomach and or liver) into the amniotic cavity through a para-umbilical anterior abdominal wall defect.
Epidemiology
The estimated incidence is around 1-6 per...
Article
Sliding hiatus hernia
A sliding hiatus hernia or type 1 hiatus hernia is considered the most common type of hiatus hernia. They can be present to varying degrees and can also co-exist with other types (inclusive of a rolling hiatus hernia).
Clinical presentation
Many patients may have gastro-oesophageal reflux. Som...
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