Articles

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More than 200 results
Article

Cervical plicae palmatae

Cervical plicae palmatae are normal folds seen on the anterior and posterior walls of the cervical canal. They are often described as longitudinal ridges or oblique elevations. In nulliparous women, these may have branches running laterally. Sometimes they are identified on MRI, and one must no...
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McKusick Kaufman syndrome

McKusick Kaufman syndrome (MKS) is an autosomal recessive multiple malformation syndrome primarily characterised by hydrometrocolpos - vaginal atresia post-axial polydactyly congenital heart disease
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Ureterovaginal fistula

Ureterovaginal fistulae refer to abnormal communications between the lumina of the ureter(s) and the vagina.  Clinical presentation Patients usually present with urinary incontinence through the vagina which may be accompanied by fever and chills 1. Symptoms usually begin within 2-4 weeks foll...
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Uterine arteriovenous malformation

Uterine arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) result from the formation of multiple arteriovenous fistulous communications within the uterus without an intervening capillary network. Terminology Somewhat confusingly, the term “uterine arteriovenous malformation” has been used interchangeably with...
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Abnormally thickened endometrium (differential)

Abnormally thickened endometrium on imaging may occur for a number of reasons which may be categorised based on whether or not they are related to pregnancy. Aetiologies may also be classified based on whether the patient is premenopausal or postmenopausal. Differential diagnosis Pregnancy-rel...
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Adenosquamous carcinoma of endometrium (historical)

Adenosquamous carcinoma of the endometrium is term formerly used to describe a rare histological subtype of endometrial cancer that contains both malignant glandular and malignant squamous components. As of the 5th edition (2020) of the WHO classification of tumours of the uterine corpus, the s...
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Red degeneration of a leiomyoma

Red degeneration, also known as carneous degeneration, is one of four main types of degeneration that can involve a uterine leiomyoma. While it is an uncommon type of degeneration, it is thought to be the most common form of degeneration of a leiomyoma during pregnancy 3. Clinical presentation ...
Article

Perineum

The perineum is a diamond-shaped region below the pelvic diaphragm and is divided by an imaginary line drawn between the ischial tuberosities into anteriorly the urogenital triangle and posteriorly the anal triangle. Gross anatomy The perineum is bounded by the pubis anteriorly, the ischial tu...
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Ovary size and volume

Ovary size and volume is frequently determined with ultrasound. The volume estimate is calculated by the formula for an ellipsoid, where D1, D2, and D3 are the three axial measurements: D1 x D2 x D3 x 0.52 The normal, adult, non-pregnant, mean ovary volume of women who are not postmenopausal i...
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Adenocarcinoma of the cervix

Adenocarcinoma of the cervix is a histological subtype of carcinoma of the cervix.  Epidemiology Cervical adenocarcinoma is less common than squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) of the cervix, accounting for ~12.5% of all cervical cancer. Their proportionate prevalence is thought to be increasing an...
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Habitual miscarriage

A habitual miscarriage is the term given when a woman has had more than three miscarriages and it affects approximately 1-2% of women. Pathology Many causes are identified. congenital uterine Mullerian duct anomalies acquired uterine causes leiomyoma uterine adhesion bands cervical incom...
Article

Uterine artery embolisation MRI (an approach)

Uterine artery embolisation (UAE) is used as an alternative to hysterectomy in selected patients and MRI assessment is key in allowing not only pre-procedure assessment but also assessing post-procedural outcome. For a general discussion of the underlying condition refer to the article on uteri...
Article

Spinnbarkeit

Spinnbarkeit is a property of viscoelastic fluids that describes their capacity to be drawn out into an unbroken strand 1. Synonymous terms include spinnability and fibrosity. Human bodily fluids that can exhibit a degree of spinnbarkeit include mucus (especially cervical mucus), saliva and syno...
Article

Ovarian yolk sac tumour

Ovarian yolk sac tumours, also known as endodermal sinus tumours, are a type of ovarian germ cell tumours. Epidemiology Ovarian yolk sac tumour is a rare malignant ovarian germ cell tumour that usually occurs around the second decade of life. It is considered the most common malignant germ cel...
Article

Clear cell carcinoma of the endometrium

Clear cell carcinoma (CCC) of the endometrium is an uncommon histological subtype of endometrial cancer, only accounting for 1-5.5% of all endometrial carcinomas. It is often associated with an aggressive clinical behaviour and poorer outcome 4,5. Only few case reports have described MRI finding...
Article

Fallopian tube polyp

A fallopian tube polyp refers to a small focal lesion of ectopic endometrial tissue located at the intramural portion of the fallopian tube.  Epidemiology The reported incidence is 1- 2.5% on hysterosalpingograms performed for assessment of infertility 3 Clinical presentation Most patients w...
Article

Endosalpingiosis

Endosalpingiosis refers to the presence of ciliated, glandular epithelium resembling the inner lining of the fallopian tube located in an ectopic location. The condition may present as cystic structures usually implanted on the peritoneal serosa 1. Epidemiology Endosalpingiosis is considered a...
Article

Congenital utero-vaginal anomalies

There are many classification systems for congenital utero-vaginal anomalies. These include: Buttram and Gibbons classification 2 American Fertility Society (AFS) classification Modified Rock and Adam - AFS classification Modified Rock and Adam - AFS classification This classification divid...
Article

Fetal transverse cerebellar diameter

In obstetric imaging, the fetal transverse cerebellar diameter (TCD) is often measured as an additional fetal biometric parameter. It is measured as the maximal diameter between the cerebellar hemispheres on an axial scan. The value of the transverse cerebellar diameter in mm's is considered rou...
Article

Pyosalpinx

Pyosalpinx refers to a fallopian tube that is filled, and often distended, with pus. Pathology A pyosalpinx often tends to be a complication of background pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Inflammation results in tubal and peritubal adhesions with superimposed obstruction of the fimbrial end....

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