Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
More than 200 results
Article
Distal humerus physeal separation
Distal humerus physeal separation is seen in children under 3 years and is often associated with non-accidental injury 1.
Clinical presentation
The child will usually present with a reduced range of motion with swelling and ecchymosis around the joint 2.
Pathology
The injury can occur durin...
Article
Femur
The femur (plural: femora) is the longest, most voluminous and strongest bone in the human body.
Gross anatomy
It comprises the upper extremity, body and lower extremity and provides several muscular origins and insertions.
Proximal portion
The upper femur comprises the head, neck, greater t...
Article
Bone island
Bone islands, previously known as enostoses, are common benign sclerotic bone lesions that usually represent an incidental finding. When occurring in the head they are called osteomas. Bone islands are considered one of the skeletal “don’t touch” lesions.
Terminology
Enostosis is not a recomme...
Article
T1 rho
T1 rho, also known as T1ρ or "spin lock" ('ρ' is the symbol for the Greek letter rho), is an MRI sequence that is being developed for use in musculoskeletal imaging. At the moment it is mostly investigational and does not yet have widespread clinical use.
The "rho" in the sequence name refers t...
Article
Buccolabial muscles
The buccolabial muscles form a subgroup of the facial muscles.
Elevators, retractors and evertors of the upper lip:
levator labii superioris alaeque nasalis (LLSAN) muscle
levator labii superioris muscle
zygomaticus major muscle
zygomaticus minor muscle
malaris muscle
levator anguli oris...
Article
Hypovitaminosis C (scurvy)
Scurvy is a condition caused by a dietary lack of vitamin C (ascorbic acid), hence is also called hypovitaminosis C, and is characterised by an increased bleeding tendency and impaired collagen synthesis resulting in osteoporosis and impaired wound healing.
Epidemiology
Scurvy in adults is rar...
Article
Tumoural calcinosis
Tumoural calcinosis, also known as Teutschlaender disease, is a rare familial condition characterised by painless, periarticular masses. The term should be strictly used to refer to a disease caused by a hereditary metabolic dysfunction of phosphate regulation associated with massive periarticul...
Article
Facial muscles
The facial muscles, also known as the muscles of facial expression or mimetic muscles (TA: musculi faciales), enable facial expression and serve as sphincters and dilators of the orifices of the face. These muscles differ from those of other regions in the body as there is no fascia deep to the ...
Article
Pseudobursa
Pseudobursae are irregular recesses around a joint that can occur following a joint replacement or surgery. They usually communicate with the joint but may track considerable distances around the joint. They may be associated with infection but can also be an incidental finding.
Epidemiology
T...
Article
Segmental fracture
Segmental fracture is a fracture composed of at least two fracture lines that together isolate a segment of bone, usually a portion of the diaphysis of a long bone. This fracture pattern is frequently associated with high energy mechanism and devascularisation of the segmental fracture fragment(...
Article
Stab wound (overview)
Stab wounds are a form of penetrating trauma that may be self-inflicted or inflicted by another person either accidentally or intentionally. They may be caused by a variety of objects and may occur anywhere in the body.
Terminology
Although commonly caused by a knife as well, slash injuries di...
Article
Calcaneus series
The calcaneus series is comprised of a lateral and axial (plantodorsal) projection. The calcaneus is the most commonly fractured tarsal bone accounting for ~60% of all tarsal fractures 1. This series provides a two view investigation of the calcaneus alongside the talar articulations and talocal...
Article
Maxilla
The maxillae (or maxillary bones) are a pair of symmetrical bones joined at the midline, which form the middle third of the face. Each maxilla forms the floor of the nasal cavity and parts of its lateral wall and roof, the roof of the oral cavity, contains the maxillary sinus, and contributes mo...
Article
Galeazzi fracture-dislocation
Galeazzi fracture-dislocations consist of a fracture of the distal part of the radius with disruption of the distal radioulnar joint. A Galeazzi-equivalent fracture is a distal radial fracture with a distal ulnar physeal fracture 2.
Epidemiology
Galeazzi fractures are primarily encountered in ...
Article
Cartilage
Cartilage or cartilaginous tissue is a resilient and type of connective tissue of mesodermal origin that forms an integral part within the musculoskeletal system and as a structural component in other organs.
Cartilage can be generally classified into the following main types:
hyaline cartil...
Article
Lymphatic drainage of the upper limb
Lymphatic drainage of the upper limb is via a series of deep and superficial channels that ultimately drain into the axillary lymph nodes.
Gross anatomy
Lymph from the hand and forearm drain from lymphatic plexuses via superficial channels that accompany the basilic and cephalic veins to a se...
Article
Tuberculous osteomyelitis
Tuberculous osteomyelitis is one of the rarer musculoskeletal manifestations of tuberculosis.
Epidemiology
Tuberculous osteomyelitis accounts for ~20% of musculoskeletal tuberculosis 5.
Clinical presentation
Patients may present with a painful "cold abscess" with a localised mass/swelling +/...
Article
Pooping duck sign
Pooping duck sign indicates the presence of a triquetral fracture on a lateral wrist radiograph, where an avulsed fracture fragment from the dorsal cortex of the triquetrum projects along the dorsal aspect of the osseous structures of the wrist.
In this sign, the fracture fragment represents th...
Article
Intramuscular lipoma
Intramuscular lipomas are deep-seated lipomas located within a muscle.
Terminology
Intramuscular lipomas share the term ‘infiltrating lipoma’ with intermuscular lipomas.
Epidemiology
Intramuscular lipomas account for about 1% of all lipomas and occur in all age groups with most occurring bet...
Article
Muscle tear
Muscle tears or strains are common injuries, both in athletes and non-athletes.
Terminology
Muscle strain is a term that is used variably clinically and in the medical literature. The Munich consensus statement (expert level evidence) states muscle tear is the preferred term denoting "structu...
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