Articles

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More than 200 results
Article

Congenital utero-vaginal anomalies

There are many classification systems for congenital utero-vaginal anomalies. These include: Buttram and Gibbons classification 2 American Fertility Society (AFS) classification Modified Rock and Adam - AFS classification Modified Rock and Adam - AFS classification This classification divid...
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Beta-hCG

Beta-hCG (bHCG or β-hCG) is a sex hormone found in the mother's blood serum that can be used to help interpret obstetric ultrasound findings. Beta-hCG levels may be used in three ways in the clinical setting of pregnancy: qualitatively, for presence/absence of fetal tissue more often determin...
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Fetal transverse cerebellar diameter

In obstetric imaging, the fetal transverse cerebellar diameter (TCD) is often measured as an additional fetal biometric parameter. It is measured as the maximal diameter between the cerebellar hemispheres on an axial scan. The value of the transverse cerebellar diameter in mm's is considered rou...
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Binocular distance

The binocular distance (BOD) is a measurement between the two lateral (outer) canthi of each eye. It is sometimes used as a accessory fetal biometric parameter where it is often documented on both 2nd trimester anatomy scans on axial brain scans. The largest diameter of the orbit should be used ...
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False umbilical cord knot

False umbilical cord knots are commonly formed variants in the anatomy of the umbilical cord. It basically represents an exaggerated looping of the umbilical cord vessels, causing focal dilatation of the umbilical cord vessels. Radiographic features Ultrasound bulge or protuberance in the umb...
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Congenital talipes equinovarus

Congenital talipes equinovarus is considered the most common anomaly affecting the feet diagnosed on antenatal ultrasound. Terminology While some use talipes equinovarus and clubfoot synonymously, in certain publications, the term clubfoot is considered a more general descriptive term that des...
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Forked umbilical cord

Forked umbilical cord is a rare anomaly of the umbilical cord, which can be detected on an antenatal scan. The umbilical cord splits into two cords and contains three vessels in each of the bifurcated cords. This anomaly is seen associated with monochorionic twins. Radiographic features Ultras...
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Umbilical cord entanglement

Umbilical cord entanglement is a feature which can mean either one or more loops of the umbilical cord encircling any part of the fetal body or two umbilical cords becoming entangled with each other 3. In the latter situation, it is a classical feature of a monochorionic-monoamniotic twin pregna...
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T sign (obstetrics)

The T sign is really the absence of a twin peak sign (or lambda (λ) sign) and is used in ultrasound assessment of a multifetal pregnancy. It refers to the lack of chorion extending between the layers of the intertwin membrane, denoting a monochorionic pregnancy. The intertwin membrane comes to ...
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T sign (disambiguation)

The T sign has been described in several different pathologies: T sign (obstetrics) T sign (elbow MRI) upper T sign (brain) lower T sign (brain) See also tau sign
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Caesarian scar endometriosis

Caesarian scar endometriosis can be located in the skin, subcutaneous tissue, rectus muscle/sheath, intraperitoneally, or in the uterine myometrium (within uterine scar). Epidemiology The reported incidence of abdominal scar endometriosis following caesarean section is 0.03-0.6% 6. Clinical p...
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Decidual reaction

A decidual reaction is a feature seen in very early pregnancy where there is thickening of the endometrium around the gestational sac, which is seen as an echogenic rim on ultrasound. A thin decidual reaction of <2 mm is considered one of the features suggestive of an anembryonic pregnancy 2. A ...
Article

Omphalopagus

Omphalopagus twins are joined at the front and at the level of the umbilicus. Commonly involved structures are lower thorax fusion and liver fusion. Pericardium may be common, but the heart is never shared. Stomach and the proximal small intestines are usually separate but the small intestines ...
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Symphyseal fundal height

Symphyseal fundal height (SFH) is commonly used measurement practiced primarily used to detect fetal intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). For fetuses after 24 weeks' gestation, it is measured using a tape as the distance from - the pubic symphysis (by identifying the upper border of the sy...
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Intrauterine growth restriction

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) or fetal growth restriction (FGR) is defined as an estimated fetal weight (EFW) and/or abdominal circumference (AC) at one point in time during pregnancy being below 3rd percentile or EFW and/or AC below the 10th percentile for gestational age with deranged...
Article

Fetal arteriovenous malformations

A fetal arteriovenous malformation (FAVM) is essentially an arteriovenous malformation that presenting in utero. They tend to be very different in location to those that commonly occur in children and adults. They include fetal intracranial arteriovenous malformations vein of Galen malformati...
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Fetal abdominal circumference

Abdominal circumference (AC) is one of the basic biometric parameters used to assess fetal size. AC together with biparietal diameter, head circumference, and femur length are computed to produce an estimate of fetal weight. In the second trimester, this may be extrapolated to an estimate of ges...
Article

Cervical cerclage

Cervical cerclage is a treatment that is undertaken during pregnancy to reduce the chances of preterm labour. It involves the placement of a suture around the neck of the cervix. It aims to reduce the risk of preterm birth and provides mechanical support to keep the cervix closed 1,2. Cervical ...
Article

Enhanced myometrial vascularity

Enhanced myometrial vascularity (EMV), often misdiagnosed as an acquired uterine arteriovenous malformation, is the presence of transiently increased blood flow within the uterine myometrium, typically associated with complications of pregnancy.  Terminology Somewhat confusingly, the term “enh...
Article

Cleft lip and palate

Cleft lip and palate is one of the commonest neonatal facial anomalies. In ~80% of cases, the two features tend to occur together 6. Epidemiology It is estimated to occur with an incidence of ~1 in 700-1000 live births 1. This can increase to 4% for a sibling of a previously affected fetus and...

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