Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
More than 200 results
Article
Falling injuries
Falling injuries are the second most common cause of accidental or unintentional deaths in the world. Falling trauma is the most common mechanism of injury in persons 21 years old or younger 1,2.
Clinical presentation
Many factors influence the presentation of a fall-from-height victim, such a...
Article
Flexion supracondylar fracture
Flexion supracondylar humeral fractures account for only 2-4% of all supracondylar fractures 1.
Epidemiology
Unlike the much more common extension supracondylar fracture which are seen in children, flexion fractures are seen in older (adult) patients.
Pathology
They are usually the result of...
Article
Pilon fracture
A pilon fracture is a type of distal tibial fracture involving the tibial plafond. These are considered to represent 1-10% of all lower limb fractures 6.
Mechanism
Typically high energy injuries and occur as a result of an axial loading which drives the talus into the tibial plafond.
Classif...
Article
Facial fractures
Facial fractures are commonly caused by blunt or penetrating trauma at moderate or high levels of force. Such injuries may be sustained during a fall, physical assault, motor vehicle collision, or gunshot wound. The facial bones are thin and relatively fragile, making them susceptible to injury....
Article
Basilar fractures of the skull
Basilar fractures of the skull, also known as base of skull or skull base fractures, are a common form of skull fracture, particularly in the setting of severe traumatic head injury, and involve the base of the skull. They may occur in isolation or often in continuity with skull vault (calvarial...
Article
Mayo classification of olecranon fractures
The Mayo classification of olecranon fractures is one of the most frequently used classification systems when assessing olecranon fractures.
The Mayo classification can be used to aid in treatment choice. Mayo type II and III fractures usually require operative treatment.
Classification
The M...
Article
Condylar process fractures
Condylar process fractures are fractures of the condylar process of the mandible. The condylar process of the mandible is involved in around 30% of all mandibular fractures.
Condylar fractures are classified according to the location of the fracture and the direction displacement of the condyle...
Article
Inferior shoulder dislocation
An inferior shoulder dislocation is the least common form of shoulder dislocation. The condition is also called luxatio erecta because the arm appears to be permanently held upward, in fixed abduction. The patient will often present with their hand placed on the head or near it.
Pathology
It i...
Article
Aubergine sign (penis)
The aubergine sign (also known as egg-plant sign or deformity) is a clinical sign of a fractured penis. Haemorrhage beyond the tunica albuginea produces swelling and bruising of the penis simulating the appearance of an aubergine.
Article
Arthrofibrosis
Arthrofibrosis is a complication of injury or trauma to a joint. It can also be iatrogenic e.g. post knee surgeries. It consists of excessive scar tissue formation within the joint capsule, resulting in pain, stiffness, and swelling, which are greater than expected in the given clinical scenario...
Article
Lipohaemarthrosis
Lipohaemarthrosis results from an intra-articular fracture with escape of fat and blood from the bone marrow into the joint, and is most frequently seen in the knee, associated with a tibial plateau fracture or distal femoral fracture; rarely a patellar fracture. They have also been described in...
Article
Dental fracture
Dental fractures are often clinically apparent but can be overlooked in cases with associated facial fractures, especially as root fractures may be clinically occult.
Terminology
When both a tooth and alveolar process are fractured, the term dentoalveolar fracture may be used 1.
Pathology
...
Article
Open fracture
An open or compound fracture or dislocation (antonym: closed fracture) refers to a fracture or dislocation associated with soft tissue injury where the fractured bone or dislocated joint is in direct communication with the outside environment.
It is of surgical importance due to the high risk o...
Article
Pneumocephalus
Pneumocephalus (plural: pneumocephali), also known as pneumocranium, pneumocrania, pneumatocephalus, and intracranial pneumatocele, refers to the presence of intracranial gas, and in the vast majority of cases, the gas is air. The term encompasses gas in any of the intracranial compartments and ...
Article
Midcarpal dislocation
Midcarpal (central carpal) dislocation describes an injury where there is dislocation of the capitate from the lunate, and subluxation of the lunate from the radius. This term is somewhat confusing because some authors use "midcarpal dislocation" to refer generally to perilunate and lunate dislo...
Article
Acromioclavicular joint injury
Acromioclavicular joint injuries, commonly shortened to ACJ injuries, are characterised by damage to the acromioclavicular joint and surrounding structures. Almost invariably traumatic in aetiology, they range in severity from a mild sprain to complete disruption.
Epidemiology
Acromioclavicula...
Article
AO/OTA classification of pelvic ring fractures
The AO/OTA classification is one of the systems for classifying pelvic ring fractures. Like other fractures, they are divided into three groups subject to the severity and complexity of the respective injury 1:
type A: intact posterior arch
A1: a pelvic or innominate bone avulsion fracture
A1...
Article
Radial head dislocation
Radial head dislocation occurs when the radial head is displaced from its normal articulation with the ulna and the humerus.
The dislocation may be acquired or congenital (see the separate article on congenital radial head dislocation). Additionally, radial head dislocation should be distinguis...
Article
Subdural hematohygroma
Subdural hematohygromas are subdural hygromas into which bleeding has occurred. They are distinct from, and should not be confused with, acute on chronic subdural haematomas or with acute subdural haematomas with separation of blood into plasma and haematocrit.
Radiographic features
CT
Subdur...
Article
Pneumorrhachis
Pneumorrhachis refers to the presence of gas within the spinal canal (either intra- or extradural). It is rare.
Clinical presentation
Patients can often be asymptomatic 3.
Pathology
Aetiology
Pneumorrhachis can result from a number of causes:
trauma (traumatic pneumorrhachis): can occur in...
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