Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
More than 200 results
Article
Intraventricular haemorrhage
Intraventricular haemorrhage denotes the presence of blood within the cerebral ventricular system. It is associated with significant morbidity due to the risk of obstructive hydrocephalus.
It can be divided into primary or secondary, with primary haemorrhage being far less common than secondar...
Article
Systemic lupus erythematosus (CNS manifestations)
Central nervous system manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus (CNS lupus), also known as neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE), describe a very diverse range of neuropsychiatric manifestations that are secondary to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in the central nervous...
Article
Muscle-eye-brain disease
Muscle-eye-brain disease, a part of the spectrum of congenital muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy with brain and eye anomalies (type A3; MDDGA3), is a congenital muscular dystrophy with associated progressive eye and brain abnormalities.
Clinical presentation
There is severe intellectual di...
Article
Parietal foramen
The parietal foramina are inconstant foramina on each side of the posterior aspect of the parietal bone near the sagittal suture and represent a normal anatomic variant. They transmit emissary veins, draining to the superior sagittal sinus, and occasionally a branch of the occipital artery. The ...
Article
Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is a psychiatric disorder characterised by a distorted perception of reality and bizarre behaviour. While the exact cause of schizophrenia is not known, multiple biological, psychological and social factors are thought to play parts in the development of the disease.
Epidemiology
...
Article
Calvarial doughnut lesion
Calvarial doughnut lesions are radiolucent ring-like skull defects, with surrounding sclerotic haloes, which may have central bone density, and may occur in any part of the skull.
Epidemiology
Most of these lesions occur in middle and old age, but also may be seen in juvenile skulls 1,2.
Clin...
Article
Supratentorial ependymoma
Supratentorial ependymomas are an uncommon type of ependymoma, found within the cerebral hemispheres, either remote to or abutting the ventricles.
They have distinct molecular features compared to both posterior fossa ependymomas and spinal ependymomas.
Epidemiology
Overall, supratentorial ...
Article
Cerebral venous infarction
Cerebral venous infarction is an uncommon form of stroke, and is most commonly secondary to cerebral venous thrombosis and frequently manifests with haemorrhage. It should be considered in infarcts (with or without haemorrhage) which do not correspond to a typical arterial territory 1.
Epidemio...
Article
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (CNS manifestations)
Central nervous system manifestations of Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), or von Recklinghausen disease, are relatively common among these patients and have a variety of expressions.
For a general discussion of the underlying condition, please refer to the article NF1.
Clinical presentation
NF...
Article
Galloway-Mowat syndrome
Galloway-Mowat syndrome (GAMOS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterised by nephrotic syndrome and central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities, namely microcephaly.
Epidemiology
Galloway-Mowat syndrome is considered extremely rare. Approximately 40 cases have been reported worldwide...
Article
Cingulate sulcus sign
The cingulate sulcus sign has been proposed as being useful as an MRI feature of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH). It denotes the posterior part of the cingulate sulcus being narrower than the anterior part. The divider between the anterior and posterior parts of the sulcus being a...
Article
Brain tumours
Brain tumours arise from the normal constituents of the brain and its coverings (meninges). Spinal tumours are considered separately.
Epidemiology
As a general rule, brain tumours increase in frequency with age, with individual exceptions (e.g. pilocytic astrocytoma, the vast majority of whic...
Article
Dural tail sign
The dural tail sign occurs as a result of thickening and enhancement of the dura and is most often seen adjacent to a meningioma.
Initially, the sign was felt to be pathognomonic of meningiomas, however, it has become increasingly noted to be present in many other conditions, although without t...
Article
Wernicke aphasia
Wernicke aphasia, also known as receptive aphasia or sensory aphasia, is a type of fluent aphasia usually caused by injury (e.g. stroke) to the dominant posterior temporal lobe (Wernicke's area) 1,2.
Clinical presentation
Wernicke aphasia has classic effects on speech 1,2:
fluency: fluent spe...
Article
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HANDs), is a term that emerged from an international conference in 2006 1, and corresponds to a group of clinical syndromes related to the HIV infection in the cells of the nervous system expressing different degrees of impairment of cognition and associa...
Article
CT angiography source image ASPECTS
CT angiography source image ASPECTS (CTA-SI ASPECTS) is an adaptation of ASPECTS for CTA and is a semiquantitative scoring system to characterise the extent and severity of mainly middle cerebral artery ischaemic stroke, although it can be adapted to other vascular territories as well.
The add...
Article
Frontal lobe
The frontal lobe is by far the largest of the four lobes of the cerebrum (other lobes: parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe), and is responsible for many of the functions which produce voluntary and purposeful action.
Gross anatomy
The frontal lobe is the largest lobe accounting fo...
Article
Proteus syndrome
Proteus syndrome is a rare congenital, multisystemic, hamartomatous condition characterised by asymmetrical overgrowth of almost any part of the body and a broad spectrum of manifestations. It can affect tissue from any germinal layer.
Clinical presentation
Affected patients usually appear nor...
Article
Skull base angle
The skull base angle (of Boogard) allows the diagnosis of platybasia and basilar kyphosis. Several different techniques may be used on sagittal images from MRI or CT.
Traditionally, basal angle measurements were based on plain skull images. With the advent and generalisation of MR imaging, it h...
Article
Alexia
Alexia (or acquired dyslexia) is a neurological term refers to an acquired impairment of reading resulting from damage of critical brain areas.
Clinical presentation
Alexia can manifest itself as an impairment of oral reading and reading comprehension alike and can occur in combination with va...
Unable to process the form. Check for errors and try again.