Articles
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More than 200 results
Article
Juvenile granulosa cell tumour (ovary)
Juvenile granulosa cell tumours of the ovary (JGCT) are a less common subtype of granulosa cell tumour of the ovary (~5% of cases). They are classified as ovarian sex cord / stromal tumours.
Epidemiology
It typically occurs in premenarchal girls and young women. The mean age of presentation is...
Article
Vulvar varices
Vulvar varices (or vulval) are dilated superficial veins of the external female genitalia, which are primarily seen during pregnancy and usually resolve spontaneously postpartum.
Epidemiology
Vulvar varicosities are seen in up to 4% of pregnant females in the vulvar and perivulvar region, and ...
Article
Cogwheel sign
The cogwheel sign refers to the pelvic imaging appearance of dilated loops of fallopian tube seen in cross-section. It represents infolding projections (sometimes looking like nodules) into the fallopian tube lumen which are likened to that of a cogwheel. The sign is typically described on ultra...
Article
Cervical cancer (staging)
Staging of cervical cancer can either be based on the TNM or FIGO system.
Classification
Revised FIGO staging of cervical carcinoma (2018)
FIGO no longer includes stage 0 (Tis)
I: confined to cervix uteri (extension to the corpus should be disregarded)
IA: invasive carcinoma only diagnosed ...
Article
Primary serous papillary carcinoma of the peritoneum
A primary serous papillary carcinoma of the peritoneum (PSPCP) is an extremely rare primary peritoneal tumour.
Epidemiology
They usually present in postmenopausal women.
Clinical presentation
Patients tend to present with non-specific complaints such as abdominal pain, anorexia, and abdomina...
Article
Primary fallopian tube carcinoma (staging)
The staging used for primary fallopian tubal carcinoma is the FIGO system and is as follows:
stage I: limited to fallopian tubes
stage Ia: limited to lining of one fallopian tube (intraluminal)
stage Ib: limited to inner linings of both tubes (intraluminal)
stage Ic: invasion beyond the inne...
Article
Prolonged rupture of membranes
Prolonged rupture of membranes refers to a rupture of membranes lasting longer than 18-24 hours (i.e. between time of rupture and time of delivery) 1-2. This situation can occur in either the term or pre-term newborns where in the latter case it is also termed prolonged preterm rupture of membra...
Article
Antral follicle count
Antral follicle count (AFC) or basal antral follicle count is a test performed to check a female individual's ovarian reserve.
Principle
A female is born with a lifetime supply of eggs and as she enters puberty these eggs develop. During and after puberty these follicles develop and are relea...
Article
Hysterosalpingogram
A hysterosalpingogram (HSG) is a fluoroscopic examination of the uterus and the fallopian tubes, most commonly used in the investigation of infertility or recurrent spontaneous abortions.
Indications
infertility: to assess uterine morphology and tubal patency
Contraindications
pregnancy
act...
Article
Caesarean section
Caesarean section (also known as C-section, CS and C/S) is the most frequently done major abdominal surgery in females, performed to deliver a baby as an alternative to normal vaginal delivery 1.
Surgical technique
Many forms of caesarean section have been described, but the most popular vari...
Article
Sonographic values in obstetrics and gynaecology
Obstetric and gynaecological ultrasound is rampant with numerous cut-off values. Some of these get revised over the years. The following list is a useful aid to refer to and revise.
1 mm
rate of increase of a mean sac diameter per day in early pregnancy
2 mm
generally accepted value for a th...
Article
Abdominal distension (mnemonic)
A mnemonic for causes of abdominal distension (6 Fs) is:
F: fat
F: fluid
F: flatus
F: faeces
F: fetus
F: fulminant mass
Article
Placental site trophoblastic tumour
Placental site trophoblastic tumours (PSTT) are rare and one of the least common (~0.2% 7) forms of gestational trophoblastic disease.
Epidemiology
Placental site trophoblastic tumours typically occur in women of reproductive age with an average age of ~30 years. They may occur after a normal ...
Article
Carcinosarcoma of the uterus
Carcinosarcomas of the uterus, previously known as malignant mixed Müllerian tumours (MMMT) of the uterus, are the most common (up to 50%) type of uterine sarcoma. They are thought to account for 2-8% of all malignant uterine cancers 1,2. The uterus is the most common site for carcinosarcomas of...
Article
Gynaecological ultrasound set-pieces
The clinical history will nearly always lead to a short differential or the answer. Show off to the examiner that you have a structured approach to reporting and managing the patient.
Structured approach
uterus: size, version and shape (normal or variant which you should elaborate on and say w...
Article
Pelvic organ prolapse
Pelvic organ prolapse refers to a pathological downward herniation of various pelvic organ structures into or through the perineum. It usually results from pelvic floor weakness by impairment of various ligaments, fasciae, and muscles that support the pelvic organs.
In its most severe form, it ...
Article
Tuberculous pelvic inflammatory disease
Tuberculous pelvic inflammatory disease refers to pelvic inflammatory disease due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Epidemiology
Genital tract involvement may be present in ~1.5% of cases of those affected with tuberculosis 4.
Pathology
Infection almost always results from spread from an extrag...
Article
Tubal ring sign
The tubal ring sign, also referred to as a bagel sign or blob sign, is one of the ultrasound signs of a tubal ectopic pregnancy. It comprises an echogenic ring that surrounds an unruptured ectopic pregnancy. It is said to have a 95% positive predictive value (PPV) for ectopic pregnancy.
Differe...
Article
Endometrioid carcinoma of the ovary
Endometrioid carcinomas of the ovary are a subtype of epithelial ovarian tumours. The vast majority are malignant and invasive. On imaging, they are usually characterised as complex, non-specific solid-cystic masses, and are associated with endometriosis.
Epidemiology
Endometrioid carcinomas ...
Article
Clear cell ovarian carcinoma
Clear cell carcinoma of the ovary is a subtype of malignant ovarian epithelial tumour.
Epidemiology
They represent ~2-5% of all ovarian carcinomas and ~4-12% of epithelial ovarian neoplasms. The mean age at presentation is ~10 years younger than for other ovarian epithelial tumours (peak ~55 y...
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