Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
More than 200 results
Article
Splenic lymphoma
Splenic lymphoma, also termed as lymphomatous involvement of the spleen, represents the most common malignancy to involve the spleen. They are commonly secondary, rarely being primary (referred to as primary splenic lymphoma).
This article focuses on the location-specific primary and secondar...
Article
Occipital condyle syndrome
Occipital condyle syndrome describes the concurrence of unilateral occipital pain and ipsilateral hypoglossal nerve palsy, which localises to pathology affecting an occipital condyle. While occipital condyle syndrome can have many potential causes, it nearly always represents a manifestation of ...
Article
Intramedullary spinal metastasis
Intramedullary spinal metastases are rare, occurring in ~1% of autopsied cancer patients, and are less common than leptomeningeal metastases.
Intramedullary lesions may result from:
growth along the Virchow-Robin spaces
haematogenous dissemination
direct extension from the leptomeninges
Epi...
Article
CA 19-9
CA 19-9 (carbohydrate antigen 19-9 or cancer antigen 19-9) is a serum antigen (monosialoganglioside) that has increased diagnostic use in the management of several malignancies, mainly of hepatopancreaticobiliary origin. It is non-specific, however, and can rise in both malignant and non-maligna...
Article
Angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma
Angiomatoid fibrous histiocytomas (AFH) or angiomatoid fibrous malignant histiocytomas are neoplasms of intermediate biologic potential and are classified as soft tissue tumours of uncertain differentiation.
Epidemiology
Angiomatoid fibrous histiocytomas a rare and account for about 0.3% of al...
Article
Choriocarcinoma
Choriocarcinoma is an aggressive, highly vascular tumour. When it is associated with gestation, it is often considered part of the spectrum of gestational trophoblastic disease; it is then termed gestational choriocarcinoma. When it occurs in the absence of preceding gestation, it is termed non-...
Article
Incidentaloma
An incidentaloma is a radiological neologism to denote a lesion found incidentally and of dubious clinical significance. Although it can refer to any incidental lesion (e.g. pituitary 3, thyroid 4), it is most often used to denote an incidental adrenal lesion, which is commonly an adrenal adenom...
Article
Jugulodigastric lymph nodes
The jugulodigastric lymph nodes, also known as subdigastric lymph nodes, are deep cervical nodes located below the posterior belly of the digastric muscle and anterior to the internal jugular vein.
They are located in neck node level IIa and receive lymphatic drainage from the tonsils, pharynx,...
Article
Prostate Imaging-Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS)
PI-RADS (Prostate Imaging–Reporting and Data System) is a structured reporting scheme for multiparametric prostate MRI in the evaluation of suspected prostate cancer in treatment naive prostate glands. This article reflects version 2.1 (v2.1), published in 2019 and developed by an internationall...
Article
CSF alpha-fetoprotein
Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in the cerebrospinal spinal fluid (CSF) has been reported as a tumour marker for some intracranial tumours with yolk sac elements, and teratoma 1.
Interpretation
Elevation
intracranial yolk sac tumour
intracranial embryonal carcinoma
congenital CNS tumours with yolk ...
Article
Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma
Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma is a distinct histological variant of hepatocellular carcinoma characterised on microscopy by laminated fibrous layers between the tumour cells. It is important as it has different demographics and risk factors compared to "standard" hepatocellular carcinom...
Article
Malignant peritoneal mesothelioma
Malignant peritoneal mesothelioma is an uncommon primary tumour of the peritoneal lining. It shares epidemiological and pathological features with - but is less common than - its pleural counterpart, which is described in detail in the general article on mesothelioma. Other abdominal subtypes (a...
Article
Bing-Neel syndrome
Bing-Neel syndrome is an extremely rare neurological complication of Waldenström macroglobulinaemia where there is malignant lymphocyte infiltration into the central nervous system (CNS).
Epidemiology
The exact incidence is unknown, however, in one study of patients with Waldenström macroglobu...
Article
Ewing sarcoma
Ewing sarcomas are the second most common malignant primary bone tumours of childhood after osteosarcoma, typically arising from the medullary cavity with the invasion of the Haversian system. Ewing sarcomas usually present as moth-eaten, destructive, and permeative lucent lesions in the shaft o...
Article
WHO classification of tumours of bone
The World Health Organisation (WHO) classification of bone tumours is the most widely used pathologic classification system for such disorders. The revision, part of the 5th edition of the WHO series, was published in 2020 and is reflected in the article below 1.
Classification
Chondrogenic tu...
Article
WHO classification of thymic tumours
The World Health Organisation (WHO) classification of tumours of the thymus is a component of the WHO classification of thoracic tumours, which was published in its 5th edition in 2021 1. It is a pathological classification of thymic epithelial tumours, including thymomas, thymic carcinomas, and...
Article
CDKN2A/p16
CDKN2A (cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A) is a tumour suppressor gene that encodes for the p16 protein, involved in the CDK4/6–RB1 cell-cycle pathway 5.
p16 is a widely used immunohistochemical marker indicating expression of the cell cycle protein, which is upregulated by human papillomav...
Article
Testicular cancer
Testicular cancers are the most common malignancy in men between the ages of 20 and 34 years.
Epidemiology
Testicular cancer is uncommon, accounting for less than 1% of all internal organ malignancies 2.
The commonest histology of the tumour varies with the age of affected individuals. Over 9...
Article
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumours (MPNSTs) are forms of peripheral nerve sheath tumours occurring either de novo or arising from pre-existing tumours (e.g. neurofibromas, schwannomas etc.). Approximately half of such tumours are seen in individuals with neurofibromatosis type I (NF1), in...
Article
WHO classification of haematolymphoid tumours
The World Health Organisation (WHO) classification of haematolymphoid tumours is the most widely used pathologic classification system for haematopoietic and lymphoid neoplasms. The 5th edition 1 was published in 2022 and supersedes the 4th edition revised published in 2016.
Classification
Mye...
Unable to process the form. Check for errors and try again.