Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
More than 200 results
Article
Focal fatty deposits in bone marrow
Focal fatty deposits, also known as marrow islands or replacements in the bone marrow, are well-defined focal fat islands within the bone marrow of the spine or other parts of the axial skeleton 1,2.
Epidemiology
Common in older individuals, related to age but not to sex.
Associations
Focal ...
Article
UTI-causing microorganisms (mnemonic)
A mnemonic to remember the commonest micro-organisms responsible for urinary tract infections (UTIs) is:
KEEPS
Mnemonic
K: Klebsiella spp.
E: Enterococcus faecalis / Enterobacter cloacae
E: Escherichia coli
P: Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Proteus mirabilis
S: Staphylococcus saprophyticus / S...
Article
Posterior tibial line
The posterior tibial line is drawn along the posterior aspect of the distal tibial shaft on a lateral ankle x-ray and can be used to assess the sagittal alignment of the talus when comparing side-to-side and/or calculate the posterior tibial line-talar ratio 1,2.
Article
Bosworth fracture
The term Bosworth fracture is no longer used. However, it was classically used to refer to a fracture-dislocation of the ankle in which there was fracture of the fibula and posterior dislocation of the talus.
History and etymology
Named after David M Bosworth (1897-1979), orthopaedic surgeon f...
Article
Dacryocystography
Dacryocystography (DCG) is a fluoroscopic contrast examination of the nasolacrimal apparatus. The nasolacrimal duct is cannulated enabling iodinated contrast to be instilled into the nasolacrimal system.
Indications
The most frequent indication is epiphora: excessive tearing or watering of the...
Article
Echogenic fetal bowel
Echogenic fetal bowel is an observation in antenatal ultrasound imaging, in which fetal bowel appears to be brighter than it is supposed to be. It is a soft marker for trisomy 21 and has several other associations. When observed, it needs to be interpreted in the context of other associated abno...
Article
Crohn disease
Crohn disease, also known as regional enteritis, is an idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease characterised by widespread discontinuous gastrointestinal tract inflammation. The terminal ileum and proximal colon are most often affected. Extraintestinal disease is common.
Epidemiology
The diagnos...
Article
External auditory canal atresia
External auditory canal atresia, also known as congenital aural atresia, is characterised by complete or incomplete bony atresia of the external auditory canal (EAC), often in association with a dysplastic auricle and an abnormal middle ear cavity or ossicles.
Epidemiology
The incidence is 1 i...
Article
Hirschsprung disease
Hirschsprung disease is the most common cause of neonatal colonic obstruction (15-20%). It is commonly characterised by a short segment of colonic aganglionosis affecting term neonates, especially boys.
Epidemiology
Hirschsprung disease affects approximately 1:5000-8000 live births. In short-...
Article
Hemimegalencephaly
Hemimegalencephaly is a rare congenital disorder of cortical formation characterised by hamartomatous overgrowth of all or part of a cerebral hemisphere. This overgrowth results from either increased proliferation or decreased apoptosis (or both) of developing neurones 2.
Epidemiology
Hemimega...
Article
Facet joint injection
Facet (zygapophyseal) joint injections are performed primarily for the diagnosis and differentiation of facet syndrome and radicular pain syndrome, and are one of the spinal interventional procedures. They can be performed under fluoroscopic, or CT image guidance, and cervical, thoracic or most ...
Article
External ear
The external ear (or outer ear) comprises the auricle (or pinna), the external auditory meatus, and the tympanic membrane ("eardrum"). The auricle concentrates and amplifies sound waves and funnels them through the outer acoustic pore into the external auditory meatus to the tympanic membrane.
...
Article
Superior vermian vein
The superior vermian vein is formed in the midline over the superior aspect of the cerebellar vermis (over the anterior lobe) by multiple tributaries draining not just the subjacent vermis but also the adjacent cerebellar hemispheres. These tributaries most often coalesce into a single trunk ove...
Article
Hypermetropia
Hypermetropia, also known as long-sightedness or hyperopia, is a refractive disorder. Though it can happen in any age group, it usually starts from mid-late adulthood.
Clinical presentation
In this condition, distant objects are seen better than close objects.
Pathology
The blurriness of nea...
Article
Shoulder (supine lateral scapula view)
The supine lateral scapula view (anterior oblique AP) is a modified lateral shoulder projection often utilised in trauma imaging. Orthogonal to the AP shoulder (note so is an axillary view); It is a pertinent projection to assess suspected dislocations, scapula fractures and degenerative changes...
Article
Periosteal chondrosarcoma
Periosteal chondrosarcomas, previously also known as juxta-cortical chondrosarcomas, are cartilagineous or chondroid matrix-generating neoplasms originating in close association with the periosteum from the bony surface 1-3.
Terminology
The term ‘juxta-cortical chondrosarcoma’ is no longer rec...
Article
Subdural hygroma
Subdural hygromas (alternative plural: hygromata 9), or subdural effusions, refer to the accumulation of fluid in the subdural space. Where it is associated with head injury it can also be termed a traumatic subdural hygroma.
Epidemiology
Subdural hygromas are encountered in all age-groups bu...
Article
Ciliopathies
Ciliopathies refer to diseases due to malfunctioning cilia (singular: cilium). Cilia are organelles that are external extensions of the cell membrane. Cilia fall into two main types: primary (or immotile) cilia and motile cilia.
Clinical presentation
Primary cilia are found in virtually every...
Article
Facial nerve
The facial nerve is the seventh (CN VII) cranial nerve and comprises two roots, a motor root and a smaller mixed sensory, taste and parasympathetic root, known as nervus intermedius, which join together within the temporal bone (TA: nervus facialis or nervus cranialis VII).
The facial nerve has...
Article
Meningocele
Meningoceles (also spelt meningocoele) are protrusions of the meninges through a defect or weak point in the skull or spine, usually involving the soft tissues beneath the surface of the skin. They are typically categorised into congenital, iatrogenic (e.g. following a craniotomy, sinus surgery,...
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