Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
More than 200 results
Article
Gallbladder ultrasound
Gallbladder ultrasound is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging technique used to evaluate the structure and function of the gallbladder as well as the adjacent anatomy.
Preparation
Patients are typically advised to fast for 6-8 hours prior to the ultrasound examination. This allows the gallbladde...
Article
Post-TARE assessment of hepatocellular carcinoma
Post-TARE (transarterial radioembolisation) assessment of hepatocellular carcinomas is essential for evaluating the success of the therapy.
Hepatocellular carcinomas that are not amenable to definitive therapy with thermal ablation or resection can be treated with trans-arterial radioembolisat...
Article
Fetal hepatomegaly
Fetal hepatomegaly (or more simply an enlarged fetal liver) can occur in number of situations. It can occur with or without fetal splenomegaly.
Pathology
Aetiology
in utero infections: the commonest cause
fetal cytomegalovirus infection (CMV) 3
fetal parvovirus B19 infection
in utero syp...
Article
Hyperechoic liver lesions
A hyperechoic liver lesion on ultrasound can arise from a number of entities, both benign and malignant. A benign hepatic haemangioma is the most common entity encountered, but in patients with atypical findings or risk for malignancy, other entities must be considered.
Benign
hepatic haemangi...
Article
Hepatic osteodystrophy
Hepatic osteodystrophy is an often forgotten metabolic bone disease seen in patients with chronic liver disease, in particular cirrhosis, primary biliary cholangitis, and primary sclerosing cholangitis.
Cirrhotic patients have increased risk factors for developing osteoporosis such as hypogonad...
Article
Liver protocol (MRI)
Examination of the liver with MRI requires numerous sequences and imaging at multiple times after the administration of contrast.
Note: This article is intended to outline some general principles of protocol design. The specifics will vary depending on MRI hardware and software, radiologist's...
Article
Radiation-induced liver disease
Radiation-induced liver disease (RILD), also known as radiation hepatitis, represents the toxic effect of radiation therapy on normal hepatocytes.
This article will discuss liver toxicity appearances after external beam radiotherapy techniques. Please refer to the dedicated article on selecti...
Article
Primary hepatic lymphoma
Primary hepatic lymphoma (PHL) is very rare, with approximately 100 described cases. If it is being considered as a diagnosis, distant lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, bone marrow disease, and leukaemia should not be present for at least 6 months after the liver tumour has been detected (see: seco...
Article
Reticuloendothelial system
The reticuloendothelial system (RES) comprises a number of tissues:
spleen
bone marrow
liver Kupffer cells
Article
Point-of-care ultrasound (curriculum)
The point-of-care ultrasound (PoCUS) curriculum is one of our curriculum articles and aims to be a collection of articles that represent the core applications of ultrasonography in a point-of-care setting.
Point-of-care ultrasound refers to ultrasonography which may be simultaneously performed,...
Article
Central scar in hepatic lesions
The central scar in hepatic lesions most frequently has been described in focal nodular hyperplasia which the scar is T2 hyperintense and usually non-calcified, and fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma, where the scar is T2 hypointense and often calcified. Scars do not have to be exactly centr...
Article
Mastocytosis
Mastocytosis is characterised by excessive accumulation of mast cells in one or more organs. According to the World Health Organizatiοn classification, three clinical entities fall under the mastocytosis umbrella: cutaneous mastocytosis, systemic mastocytosis (with or without cutaneous manifesta...
Article
CT four-phase liver (protocol)
The four-phase liver CT protocol is a useful examination in the assessment of focal liver lesions, hypervascular liver metastasis and endocrine tumours.
It is a triple-phase liver with an initial non-contrast component included before the intravenous contrast medium is given, often requested if...
Article
Haemochromatosis
Haemochromatosis is an iron overload disorder characterised by a progressive increase in total body iron stores and deposition of iron in some non-reticuloendothelial system (RES) body organs which results in some instances of organ dysfunction.
This article focuses on the general principles of...
Article
Whipple triad
Whipple triad is the clinical presentation of pancreatic insulinoma and consists of:
fasting hypoglycaemia (<50 mg/dL or <2.7 mmol/L)
symptoms of hypoglycaemia
immediate relief of symptoms after the administration of intravenous glucose
History and etymology
The triad and also the Whipple p...
Article
Percutaneous cholecystostomy
Percutaneous cholecystostomy is the image-guided placement of a drainage catheter into the gallbladder lumen. This minimally invasive procedure can aid in patient stabilisation in order to enable a more measured surgical approach with time for therapeutic planning.
A 2018 study demonstrated no ...
Article
Radioembolisation
Radioembolisation is the delivery of radioactive microspheres to cancers using an endovascular approach. It is often performed as an outpatient procedure.
Indications
hepatocellular carcinoma 2
hepatic metastases from colorectal carcinoma
Contraindications
Absolute contraindications
exces...
Article
Undifferentiated embryonal sarcoma of the liver
Undifferentiated embryonal sarcomas of the liver are rare, aggressive, and malignant liver tumours encountered in the paediatric population.
Epidemiology
Approximately 90% of cases occur in patients under 15 years of age, most commonly between 6 and 10 years of age, but some cases have been r...
Article
Rosary sign (gallbladder)
The rosary sign is a CT finding in adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder. It is formed by the enhanced proliferative mucosal epithelium, with the intramural diverticula surrounded by the unenhanced hypertrophied muscle coat of the gallbladder. The rosary sign is similar to the pearl necklace sign.
Article
Mallory bodies
Mallory bodies are cytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusions in hepatocytes, associated with ballooning and inflammation, found in:
alcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatitis
non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)
primary biliary cholangitis (PBC)
cholestasis
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