Articles
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More than 200 results
Article
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) are the most common histologic type of head and neck cancer. While the term may include any squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, common usage focuses on those of mucosal origin, i.e., squamous cell carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract...
Article
Lucent/lytic bone lesion - differential diagnosis (mnemonic)
Mnemonics for the differential diagnosis of lucent/lytic bone lesions include:
FEGNOMASHIC
FOG MACHINES
They are anagrams of each other and therefore include the same components. They are by no means exhaustive lists, but are a good start for remembering a differential for a lucent/lytic bone...
Article
Rhabdoid meningioma
Rhabdoid meningioma is a rare and aggressive subtype of meningioma. Rhabdoid morphology is associated with a poor prognosis, regardless of tumour histogenesis. It resembles other types of rhabdoid tumours with a great tendency for recurrence 1,2. Extensive necrosis in rhabdoid meningioma might b...
Article
Pineal parenchymal tumour of intermediate differentiation
Pineal parenchymal tumours of intermediate differentiation (PPTID) are, as the name suggests, tumours that fall between pineocytoma (well-differentiated, WHO grade 1) and pineoblastomas (poorly differentiated, WHO grade 4). They are considered WHO grade 2 or 3 tumours 4. Their radiographic appea...
Article
Gastric neuroendocrine tumour
Gastric neuroendocrine tumours (GNETs), previously known as gastric carcinoids, are rare primary neoplasms that arise from enterochromaffin-like cells of the gastric mucosa.
Epidemiology
GNETs account for less than 2% of all gastric neoplasms and up to 10% of all gastrointestinal neuroendocrin...
Article
Epidural spinal cord compression scale
The epidural spinal cord compression (ESCC) scale, sometimes known eponymously as the Bilsky scale, is used to assess the degree to which vertebral body metastasis compromises the spinal canal and whether cord compression is present. It may serve as a guide as to when intervention (radiotherapy ...
Article
Desmoid tumour
Desmoid tumours are benign, non-inflammatory fibroblastic tumours with a tendency for local invasion and recurrence post resection. They are sometimes considered a locally aggressive proliferative disease within the family of soft-tissue sarcomas but, metastasis is uncommon 7,11.
Terminology
...
Article
Marginal zone lymphoma
Marginal zone lymphomas are a group of low grade non-Hodgkin lymphoma that arise from the marginal zone of B cell germinal follicles in lymph nodes. There are three types of marginal zone lymphomas depending on the site of origin, namely mucosa-accosiated lymphoid tissue (MALT), splenic and extr...
Article
Inferior vena cava leiomyosarcoma
Inferior vena cava leiomyosarcomas are the most common type of retroperitoneal leiomyosarcoma and most common primary malignancy of the inferior vena cava (IVC).
Epidemiology
Three-quarters of cases occur in women, usually aged 40-60 years 2.
Clinical presentation
When symptomatic, patients ...
Article
Mediastinal yolk sac tumour
Mediastinal yolk sac tumours or yolk sac tumours of the mediastinum are malignant non-seminomatous germ cell tumours primarily growing in the mediastinum.
Terminology
The term ‘endodermal sinus tumour’ is not recommended.
Epidemiology
Mediastinal yolk sac tumours are rare mediastinal tumours...
Article
Squamous cell carcinoma (urinary bladder)
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the urinary bladder is rare, nevertheless SCC is the most common type of non-transitional cell carcinoma involving the bladder 2. Most bladder cancers are transitional/urothelial cell carcinomas. SCC is much more common where Schistosomiasis infections are more p...
Article
Cookie bite bone metastases
Cookie bite bone metastases are characterised by small focal eccentric lytic external cortical destruction in long tubular bones. This type of destruction is typically described for metastases from lung cancer, however, they can also occur with other tumours.
Article
Jewett-Strong-Marshall tumour staging system
Jewett-Strong-Marshall tumour staging system for bladder cancer is of historic interest only and has been superseded by the TNM staging system.
stage 0: epithelial
stage A: submucosal invasion but no involvement of muscle i.e. lamina propria
stage B: bladder wall or muscle invasion
B1: super...
Article
Assessment of thyroid lesions (general)
Assessment of thyroid lesions is commonly encountered in radiological practice.
Thyroid mass
hyperplastic/colloid nodule/nodular hyperplasia: 85%
adenoma
follicular: 5%
others: rare
primary thyroid cancer (carcinoma)
papillary: 60-80% of carcinomas
follicular: 10-20%
medullary: 5%
anap...
Article
Positron emission tomography
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a modern non-invasive imaging technique for quantification of radioactivity in vivo. It involves the intravenous injection of a positron-emitting radiopharmaceutical, waiting to allow for systemic distribution, and then scanning for detection and quantificat...
Article
Immunosuppression
Immunosuppression is the impairment of the body's immune system which can alter the ability of the body's defence mechanisms to prevent diseases, particularly certain infections, including opportunistic infections, and cancers.
Terminology
Patients with immunosuppression are said to be immuno...
Article
Astroblastoma, MN1-altered
Astroblastomas are rare glial tumours usually found in the cerebral hemispheres of young adults and children.
Terminology
The exact nature of astroblastomas remains to be fully elucidated. Tumours with compatible histological features have a variety of molecular characteristics and overlap wi...
Article
Intramedullary spinal tumours
Intramedullary spinal tumours are rare, representing 4-10% of all CNS tumours and <10% of all paediatric CNS neoplasms 5. They account for 20% of all intraspinal tumours in adults and 35% of all intraspinal tumours in children 8.
A long duration of symptoms prior to diagnosis is typical.
Patho...
Article
RECIST 1.1: comparison with RECIST 1.0
Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumours (RECIST) was updated to version 1.1 in 2009.
For both RECIST 1.0 and 1.1, the requirement for measurable disease at baseline depends on the endpoints of the clinical trial.
The fundamental concept common to both versions of RECIST is that measurabl...
Article
Parotid gland enlargement
Parotid gland enlargement (also known as parotidomegaly) has a wide differential given the significant breadth of pathology that can affect the parotid gland. These can be separated by a standard surgical sieve approach into infective, inflammatory, immune, neoplastic, infiltrative, and congenit...
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