Articles
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More than 200 results
Article
Langerhans cell histiocytosis
Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare multisystem disease with a wide and heterogeneous clinical spectrum and variable extent of involvement.
Terminology
Langerhans cell histiocytosis was previously known as histiocytosis X. The newer term is preferred as it is more descriptive of its...
Article
Transient synovitis of the hip
Transient synovitis of the hip refers to a self-limiting acute inflammatory condition affecting the synovial lining of the hip. It is considered one of the most common causes of hip pain and limping in young children. Over 90% of hip joint effusions in children tend to be due to transient synovi...
Article
Salter-Harris fracture classification (mnemonic)
Useful mnemonics for remembering the Salter-Harris classification system are:
SALTR
SMACK
SMETI
Fortunately, this is also the order of prognosis (from best to worse)
Mnemonics
SALTR
S: slipped (type I)
A: above or away from joint (type II)
L: lower (type III)
T: through or transverse o...
Article
Transient tachypnoea of the newborn
Transient tachypnoea of the newborn, also known as retained fetal fluid or wet lung disease, presents in the neonate as tachypnoea for the first few hours of life, lasting up to one day. The tachypnoea usually resolves within 48 hours.
Epidemiology
Transient tachypnoea is one of the most comm...
Article
Choanal atresia
Choanal atresia refers to a lack of formation of the choanae, the openings providing communication between the nasal cavity and nasopharynx. It can be unilateral or bilateral.
Epidemiology
It frequently presents in neonates where it is one of the commonest causes of nasal obstruction in this a...
Article
CSF alpha-fetoprotein
Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in the cerebrospinal spinal fluid (CSF) has been reported as a tumour marker for some intracranial tumours with yolk sac elements, and teratoma 1.
Interpretation
Elevation
intracranial yolk sac tumour
intracranial embryonal carcinoma
congenital CNS tumours with yolk ...
Article
Congenital megacalyces
Congenital megacalyces is an incidental finding which mimics hydronephrosis. It is a result of underdevelopment of the renal medullary pyramids with resultant enlargement of the calyces. It is more frequently seen in males.
The enlarged calyces predispose to stasis, infection and calculus forma...
Article
Hydrocele of the canal of Nuck
Hydrocele of the canal of Nuck is a rare condition in female children caused by a failure of complete obliteration of the canal of Nuck 1. The canal of Nuck is an abnormal patent pouch of peritoneum extending anterior to the round ligament of the uterus into the labia majora 2. Incomplete oblite...
Article
Myofibroma
Myofibromas are benign neoplasms of soft tissues of myofibroblastic differentiation.
Terminology
The term "myofibroma" is used for solitary lesions and "myofibromatosis" for multicentric lesions.
Epidemiology
Myofibromas can occur at any age, but most predominantly occur in infants and youn...
Article
Ewing sarcoma
Ewing sarcomas are the second most common malignant primary bone tumours of childhood after osteosarcoma, typically arising from the medullary cavity with the invasion of the Haversian system. Ewing sarcomas usually present as moth-eaten, destructive, and permeative lucent lesions in the shaft o...
Article
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a dystrophinopathy and the most common muscular dystrophy.
Epidemiology
Duchenne muscular dystrophy has an incidence of 1 in 3500 to 5000 males 1,2. The condition is extremely rare in females due to its inheritance pattern, as discussed below 1.
Clinical p...
Article
Cervical adenitis
Cervical adenitis refers to the inflammation of lymph nodes in the neck.
Epidemiology
Most common cause of a paediatric neck mass following non-specific infectious/inflammatory insults.
Clinical presentation
In the paediatric population, a child will present with a painful cervical mass.
Pa...
Article
Infantile haemangioma
Infantile haemangiomas are benign vascular neoplasms that are the most common head and neck tumours of infancy. They can occur virtually anywhere, but the majority are found in the head and neck regions.
This article aims to be a generic discussion of the condition, for detailed and more specif...
Article
Crouzon syndrome
Crouzon syndrome, also known as craniofacial dysotosis, is rare disorder characterised by premature craniosynostoses.
Pathology
Features include:
abnormal calvarial shape: in severe case can give a "cloverleaf skull"
shallow orbits with exophthalmos
mid facial hypoplasia
bifid uvula
Gen...
Article
Sclerosing bone dysplasia (overview)
Sclerosing bone dysplasias comprise a heterogeneous group of disorders (skeletal dysplasias) united by the presence of sclerosis of one form or another:
craniodiaphyseal dysplasia
craniometaphyseal dysplasia
Buschke-Ollendorff syndrome
hereditary multiple diaphyseal dysplasia (Ribbing disea...
Article
Lines and tubes: neonatal (chest radiograph)
Neonatal lines and tubes are widely used in the NICU (neonatal intensive care unit) in the management of critically ill neonates. Examples include:
nasogastric (NG) tube
endotracheal (ET) tube
central venous line
umbilical artery catheter
umbilical vein catheter
Nasogastric tube
The NG tu...
Article
Little league shoulder
Little league shoulder is thought to occur due to overuse damage of the proximal humeral epiphysis/metaphysis, seen typically in young baseball players, especially pitchers.
Epidemiology
Although it is most commonly seen in baseball players particularly in pitchers, it also presents in adolesc...
Article
Precalcaneal congenital fibrolipomatous hamartoma
Precalcaneal congenital fibrolipomatous hamartoma (PCFH) is a rare, benign condition characterised by the presence of asymptomatic, skin-coloured, unilateral or bilateral nodules in the medial precalcaneal plantar region of the heel. It is usually first seen within the first months of life, alth...
Article
Perkin line
Perkin line is a line drawn perpendicular to Hilgenreiner line, intersecting the lateral most aspect of the acetabular roof.
The upper femoral epiphysis should be seen in the inferomedial quadrant: it should lie below Hilgenreiner line, and medial to Perkin line. If the nucleus of the femoral ...
Article
Strawberry skull
Strawberry skull refers to the shape of the head on an antenatal ultrasound.
Epidemiology
Associations
In general, strawberry skull is considered one of the non-specific 'soft markers' for abnormal fetal development. It is considered more closely associated with trisomy 18 (Edward syndrome).
...
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