Articles
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More than 200 results
Article
Immunosuppression
Immunosuppression is the impairment of the body's immune system which can alter the ability of the body's defence mechanisms to prevent diseases, particularly certain infections, including opportunistic infections, and cancers.
Terminology
Patients with immunosuppression are said to be immuno...
Article
Astroblastoma, MN1-altered
Astroblastomas are rare glial tumours usually found in the cerebral hemispheres of young adults and children.
Terminology
The exact nature of astroblastomas remains to be fully elucidated. Tumours with compatible histological features have a variety of molecular characteristics and overlap wi...
Article
Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the cervix
Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the cervix is a rare type of invasive cervical cancer. These are very aggressive tumours with rapid lymph nodal metastasis 1,2.
Epidemiology
Neuroendocrine carcinomas of the cervix account for ~2% of cervical tumours seen in females of reproductive age group 1,2.
T...
Article
Intramedullary spinal tumours
Intramedullary spinal tumours are rare, representing 4-10% of all CNS tumours and <10% of all paediatric CNS neoplasms 5. They account for 20% of all intraspinal tumours in adults and 35% of all intraspinal tumours in children 8.
A long duration of symptoms prior to diagnosis is typical.
Patho...
Article
RECIST 1.1: comparison with RECIST 1.0
Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumours (RECIST) was updated to version 1.1 in 2009.
For both RECIST 1.0 and 1.1, the requirement for measurable disease at baseline depends on the endpoints of the clinical trial.
The fundamental concept common to both versions of RECIST is that measurabl...
Article
Parotid gland enlargement
Parotid gland enlargement (also known as parotidomegaly) has a wide differential given the significant breadth of pathology that can affect the parotid gland. These can be separated by a standard surgical sieve approach into infective, inflammatory, immune, neoplastic, infiltrative, and congenit...
Article
Alveolar soft part sarcoma
Alveolar soft part sarcoma (ASPS) is a rare, highly vascular, deep soft tissue mesenchymal malignancy that is classically seen in the lower extremities of young adults. They account for <1% of all soft tissue sarcomas.
Epidemiology
There is a slight female predilection in patients less than 30...
Article
Dysplastic cerebellar gangliocytoma
Dysplastic cerebellar gangliocytoma, perhaps better known as Lhermitte-Duclos disease, is a rare tumour of the cerebellum appearing as thickening and increase in T2 signal of the cerebellar folia giving this lesion a characteristic striated appearance.
Epidemiology
Dysplastic cerebellar gangl...
Article
Liposclerosing myxofibrous tumour
Liposclerosing myxofibrous tumours (LSMFT), also known as polymorphic fibro-osseous lesions of bone, are rare benign fibro-osseous lesions that have a predilection for the intertrochanteric region of the femur.
The histopathological origin of this lesion is unclear and under discussion 1-3.
Te...
Article
Bone metastases
Bone (skeletal) metastases are the third most frequent behind lung and liver metastases 6. They result in significant morbidity in patients with metastatic disease. Although the diagnosis is often straightforward, especially as in many cases there is a well-documented history of metastatic malig...
Article
Protoplasmic astrocytoma (historical)
Protoplasmic astrocytoma is a historical term previously applied to an uncommon variant of diffuse adult-type astrocytomas.
Terminology
The term was removed in the updated 4th edition (2016) of the WHO classification of CNS tumours, with these tumours folded into what is now referred to as ast...
Article
Inferior vena caval thrombosis
Inferior vena caval thrombosis is an essential diagnosis while evaluating any neoplastic lesion, or portal hypertension. It is also important to differentiate bland thrombus from tumour thrombus.
Clinical features
A patient can present with many features which include
bilateral pedal oedema
...
Article
Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy related pneumonitis
Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy-related pneumonitis is one of the complications that can occur in the setting of immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy.
Epidemiology
Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy-related pneumonitis is considered a rare complication with a reported incidence of <5% in m...
Article
Mediastinal lymph node enlargement
Mediastinal lymph node enlargement can occur from a wide range of pathologies and can be isolated or associated with lung pathology. Historically, a size cut-off of 10 mm short-axis diameter was used.
Terminology
The term mediastinal lymphadenopathy implies lymph node disease and is not synon...
Article
Pure ground glass nodules
Pure ground glass lung nodules (pGGN's) are a subtype of ground glass lung nodules where there is no associated solid component.
Pathology
Aetiology
Apart from inflammatory foci they have been shown to represent various pathologies such as 1,3
adenocarcinoma in situ of lung
minimally-invasi...
Article
Masaoka staging system of thymoma
The Masaoka staging system is commonly adopted for thymomas 1-3, and is the most important determinant of survival following surgical resection 4:
stage I: intact thymic capsule
stage II: capsular invasion into adjacent mediastinal fat or pleura
stage III: macroscopic invasion into adjacent o...
Article
Calcifying fibrous tumour
Calcifying fibrous tumours, previously known as calcifying fibrous pseudotumours, are rare, benign fibroblastic tumours of the soft tissues.
Epidemiology
It can occur at all ages and there is no strong gender predilection 1. Fewer than 200 cases have been reported in the English literature 1.
...
Article
Diabetic mastopathy
Diabetic mastopathy is a condition characterised by the presence of a benign tumour like breast masses in women with long-standing type 1 or type 2 insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The condition has also been reported in men.
Clinical presentation
Diabetic mastopathy manifests clinically a...
Article
Unilateral testicular lesions
The differential diagnosis for unilateral testicular lesions is wide-ranging.
Neoplastic
Common
seminoma (40-50% of testicular malignancies)
non-seminomatous germ cell tumours:
testicular teratoma
testicular epidermoid (teratoma with ectodermal elements only)
testicular choriocarcinoma
...
Article
High-grade glioma
High-grade glioma is a relatively vague term, and in some ways is best avoided, unless one deliberately wants to be vague/inclusive.
It has often (especially in older literature) been used to denote both anaplastic gliomas (WHO CNS grade 3) and glioblastomas (WHO CNS grade 4), always including ...
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