Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
More than 200 results
Article
Left atrial appendage
The left atrial appendage, also known as left auricle, is a pouch-like projection from the main body of the left atrium, which lies in the atrioventricular sulcus in close proximity to the left circumflex artery, the left phrenic nerve, and the left pulmonary veins.
Gross anatomy
Morphological...
Article
Left dominant arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy
Left dominant arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy is a variant of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy that predominantly affects the left ventricle of the heart. It may also be known as arrhythmogenic left ventricular cardiomyopathy 4.
Clinical presentation
The main clinical diagnostic f...
Article
Mitral valve leaflet calcification
Mitral valve leaflet calcification or mitral leaflet calcification refers to the deposition of calcium on the mitral valvular leaflets as opposed to mitral annular calcification in the mitral annulus. It has been associated with mitral stenosis 1,2.
Epidemiology
Mitral leaflet calcification h...
Article
Cardiac fibroma
Cardiac fibromas, also known as cardiac fibromatosis, are benign congenital cardiac tumours that usually manifest in children.
Epidemiology
Cardiac fibromas are tumours that primarily affect children (most cases are detected in infants or in utero) with a ratio of 4:1 compared with adults 5. ...
Article
Myocardial mapping
Myocardial mapping or parametric mapping of the heart is one of various magnetic resonance imaging techniques, which has evolved and been increasingly used in the last decade for non-invasive tissue characterisation of the myocardium 1-5. Unlike normal T1-, T2- or T2*- images, parametric mapping...
Article
Marfan syndrome
Marfan syndrome is a multisystem connective tissue disease caused by a defect in the protein fibrillin 1, encoded by the FBN1 gene. Cardiovascular involvement with aortic root dilatation and dissection is the most feared complication of the disease.
Epidemiology
The estimated prevalence is aro...
Article
Cor triatriatum
Cor triatriatum is an extremely rare and serious congenital cardiac anomaly. It is characterised by the presence of a fibromuscular membrane that divides the left or right atrium into two chambers (depending on the subtype).
Epidemiology
It is thought to account for ~0.1% of all congenital ca...
Article
Erdheim-Chester disease
Erdheim-Chester disease (ECD) is a rare non-Langerhans cell, non-familial multisystemic histiocytosis, with widespread manifestations and of highly variable severity.
Epidemiology
Erdheim-Chester disease is a rare, non-inherited disease of middle age with a slight male predominance 6.
Clinica...
Article
Body imaging
Body imaging is the term assigned to cross-sectional imaging of the body, which radiologically refers to the chest, abdomen and pelvis. It is often used by radiologists who report this region (sometimes known as body imagers/radiologists) to differentiate their primary area of interest from othe...
Article
Cardiac tamponade
Cardiac tamponade is the result of an accumulation of fluid, pus, blood, gas, or benign or malignant neoplastic tissue within the pericardial cavity, which can occur either rapidly or gradually over time, but eventually, results in impaired cardiac output.
This is to be distinguished from a per...
Article
Pericardial window
Pericardial window or fenestration is a procedure performed to create a fistula or "window" from the pericardial space to the pleural space. It is done to allow a pericardial effusion to drain the chest cavity in order to relieve situations with increased pressures such as with cardiac tamponade.
Article
Pulmonary hypertension (2013 classification)
In 2013, the 5th World Symposium on pulmonary hypertension took place in Nice, France and modified the classification system for pulmonary hypertension. This system supersedes the 2008 Dana Point classification of pulmonary hypertension. It in turn was superseded by the 2018 Nice classification ...
Article
Pulmonary artery atresia
Pulmonary artery atresia, sometimes known as pulmonary atresia, is a congenital cardiovascular anomaly where there is complete disruption between the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) and the pulmonary trunk.
Epidemiology
The estimated incidence is 1 in 10,000 births ref.
Pathology
The ...
Article
Mitral annular disjunction
Mitral annulus disjunction (MAD) is an anatomic abnormality involving the confluence of the left atrium, mitral valve annulus, and the base of the left ventricle. It is classically associated with the spectrum of myxomatous disease of the mitral valve and mitral valve prolapse (MVP).
Epidemiol...
Article
Mitral valve repair
Mitral valve repair or mitral valvuloplasty is a surgical method for treatment of a deficient mitral valve, which comprises removal of redundant valvular tissue and fixation of ruptured/elongated chordae tendineae rather than the whole replacement of the valve.
History and etymology
The first ...
Article
Paediatric cardiovascular procedures
A number of paediatric cardiovascular procedures are encountered when reporting paediatric imaging. They include:
Blalock-Taussig (BT) shunt
classic: end to side subclavian to ipsilateral pulmonary arterial anastomosis
modified: graft anastomosis
Waterston shunt
Sano shunt: right ventricle ...
Article
Cardiomegaly
Cardiomegaly is a catch-all term to refer to enlargement of the heart, and should not be confused with causes of enlargement of the cardiomediastinal outline, or enlargement of the cardiac silhouette.
Pathology
Aetiology
There are many aetiologies for cardiomegaly:
congestive heart failure
...
Article
Left circumflex arising from right coronary sinus
Left circumflex (LCx) arising from right coronary sinus (RCA) is a coronary arterial variant.
Epidemiology
It is considered the most common coronary anomaly with prevalence range of around 0.37-1.3 % of all patients.
Subtypes
According to some publications, anomalous LCx is divided into 3 ty...
Article
Cardiac segmentation model
The American Heart Association (AHA) has published the nomenclature and segmentation of the left ventricular myocardium (the cardiac segmentation model), now widely used for the description of disease-affected myocardial territories and wall function.
There are 17 segments that have a reasonabl...
Article
Cyanotic congenital heart disease
A number of entities can present as cyanotic congenital heart disease. These can be divided into those with increased (pulmonary plethora) or decreased pulmonary vascularity:
increased pulmonary vascularity
total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR) (types I and II)
transposition of the ...
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