Articles

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More than 200 results
Article

Prostate cancer

Prostate cancer ranks as the most common primary malignant tumour in men and the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths in men. Prostatic adenocarcinoma is by far the most common histological type and is the primary focus of this article. Terminology The aim of prostate MRI is to de...
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Inverted papilloma

Inverted papillomas are a type of Schneiderian papilloma, representing an uncommon non-cancerous sinonasal tumour that mostly affects middle-aged men. They may rarely undergo malignant transformation, most commonly into squamous cell carcinoma. On imaging, they classically demonstrate a convolut...
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Spiculated periosteal reaction

Spiculated periosteal reaction represents spicules of new bone-forming along vascular channels and the fibrous bands that anchor periosteum to bone (Sharpey fibres). Pathology A spiculated periosteal reaction signifies a rapid underlying process that prevents the formation of new bone under th...
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Pancreatic lymphoma

Pancreatic lymphoma is most commonly a B-cell subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma Epidemiology Pancreatic lymphoma is typically seen in middle-aged patients with a mean age of around 55 years old and is more common in immunocompromised patients. Clinical presentation Symptoms are often non-speci...
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Primary ovarian lymphoma

Primary ovarian lymphoma (POL) refers to the involvement of the ovary with lymphoma but without the involvement of any other site. It is an extremely rare yet well-recognised condition. Epidemiology Primary ovarian lymphoma accounts for ~1.5% of ovarian tumours 5. Pathology The rarity of thi...
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Sinonasal adenocarcinoma

Sinonasal adenocarcinomas are primary tumours of the sinonasal region with glandular differentiation. They are grossly classified as salivary and non-salivary subtypes. However, generally in the literature and IARC/WHO classification, the term "sinonasal adenocarcinoma" refers to non-salivary ad...
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Renal cell carcinoma

Renal cell carcinomas (RCC) (historically also known as hypernephroma or Grawitz tumour) are primary malignant adenocarcinomas derived from the renal tubular epithelium and are the most common malignant renal tumour. They usually occur in 50-70-year old patients and macroscopic haematuria occurs...
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Aerogenous metastasis

Aerogenous metastases are a rare form of metastases that can occur in the lung due to aerogenous spread along the airways. Pathology It is related to but not considered identical to the term spread through air spaces (STAS) 4. Aerogenous metastases are usually from primary lung cancer dissemi...
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Lugano staging classification

The Lugano staging classification is the lymphoma staging system that is most commonly used in clinical practice. The categories for initial staging are defined in this article. See separate articles for the Lugano criteria for response assessment by PET-CT or by CT alone, as well as guidelines ...
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Diffuse bony sclerosis (mnemonic)

A mnemonic for remembering the causes of diffuse bony sclerosis is: 3 M's PROOF Mnemonic 3 M's PROOF M: malignancy metastases (osteoblastic metastases) lymphoma leukaemia M: myelofibrosis M: mastocytosis S: sickle cell disease P: Paget disease of the bone/pyknodysostosis R: renal ost...
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RNA

RNA (ribonucleic acid) is one of the two major nucleic acids in biological cells, the other being DNA; unlike DNA, RNA is single-stranded. The composition of the nucleotides and nucleosides is also partly different due to variations in the monosaccharide and base constituents: D-ribose sugar rep...
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Solitary bone plasmacytoma

Solitary bone plasmacytomas are an uncommon plasma cell tumour which are localised to bone. They may involve any bone, but they have a predisposition for the red marrow-containing axial skeleton: spinal disease is observed in ~50% (range 34-72%) of cases the thoracic vertebrae are most commonl...
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Anterior mediastinal mass in the exam

Getting a film with an anterior mediastinal mass in the exam is one of the many exam set-pieces that can be prepared for. The film goes up and after a couple of seconds pause, you need to start talking: CXR There is a left sided mediastinal mass that makes obtuse angles with the mediastinal c...
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Osteoblastoma

Osteoblastomas are rare bone-forming tumours that may be locally aggressive. Compared to their histological relative, the osteoid osteoma, they are larger (>2 cm) and more frequently affect the axial skeleton 1. Osteoblastoma accounts for the 'O' in the popular mnemonic for lucent bone lesions ...
Article

Patellar tumours

Patellar tumours are extremely rare. They can be either benign or malignant primary bone tumours, or metastases.  Epidemiology Patellar tumours represent just 0.1% of all primary bone tumours 1.  Clinical presentation Patients may present with anterior knee pain and/or a palpable mass 1,3. ...
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Cervical lymph node (staging)

Cervical lymph node staging refers to evaluating regional nodal metastasis from primary cancer of the head and neck. The following article reflects the 8th edition of the TNM staging system published by the American Joint Committee on Cancer, which is used for staging starting January 1, 2018 1,...
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Kaposi sarcoma

Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a low-to-intermediate grade mesenchymal tumour that involves the lymphovascular system. The tumour can involve the pulmonary, gastrointestinal, cutaneous and musculoskeletal systems. Although it is often thought of as an AIDS-related condition, it may also be seen in other...
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EGFR mutation

An epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation may be expressed in a large proportion of non-small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLC). However, certain subtypes such as invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma of the lung can have very low expression. The presence of this mutation can be assessed on bio...
Article

Myelodysplastic syndrome

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a heterogeneous group of clonal haematological stem cell disorders characterised by dysplasia and ineffective haematopoiesis. It carries a risk of transformation to acute leukaemia. Epidemiology Its overall incidence is thought to be around 3.3 per 100,000. ...
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Invasive lobular carcinoma of the breast

Invasive lobular carcinoma is the most common special type of invasive breast cancer after invasive breast carcinoma of no special type (invasive ductal carcinoma not otherwise specified). Epidemiology They represent 5-10% of all breast cancer. Associations There is a greater rate of contral...

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