Articles
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More than 200 results
Article
AIDS cholangiopathy
AIDS cholangiopathy refers to an acalculous, secondary opportunistic cholangitis that occurs in AIDS patients as a result of immunosuppression 1.
Pathology
Characterised by multiple irregular strictures essentially indistinguishable from primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). There are four pa...
Article
Accessory right inferior hepatic vein
An accessory right inferior hepatic vein is the most common variation of the hepatic veins, and may be multiple 1. It is present in up to 48% of the population and drains the posteroinferior part of the right lobe directly into the inferior vena cava (IVC) 1-3.
Variations in hepatic vascular an...
Article
Acute pancreatitis
Acute pancreatitis (plural: pancreatitides) is an acute inflammation of the pancreas and potentially life-threatening.
Terminology
Two subtypes of acute pancreatitis are described in the Revised Atlanta Classification 1:
interstitial oedematous pancreatitis
the vast majority (90-95%)
most ...
Article
Budd-Chiari syndrome
Budd-Chiari syndrome, also known as hepatic venous outflow obstruction (HVOO), refers to the clinical picture that occurs when there is partial or complete obstruction of the hepatic veins.
There is no clear consensus regarding the number of occluded veins, some authors claim that there should...
Article
Chemotherapy induced cholangitis
Chemotherapy induced cholangitis is caused when intra-arterial chemotherapy is introduced to treat liver metastases. This causes strictures of the common hepatic duct and main ducts, but spares distal and proximal (i.e. common bile duct and intrahepatic ducts).
Radiographic features
similar t...
Article
Cholangiocarcinoma
Cholangiocarcinomas (commonest type of bile duct cancers) are malignant epithelial tumours arising from the biliary tree, excluding the gallbladder or ampulla of Vater. Cholangiocarcinoma is the third most common primary hepatobiliary malignancy after hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and gallbladd...
Article
Choledochal cyst
Choledochal cysts represent congenital cystic dilatations of the biliary tree. Diagnosis relies on excluding other conditions as a cause of biliary duct dilatation, e.g. tumour, gallstone, inflammation.
Epidemiology
Choledochal cysts are rare, with an overall incidence of 1:100,000-150,000. Th...
Article
Cirrhosis
Cirrhosis (plural: cirrhoses) is the common endpoint of a wide variety of chronic liver disease processes which cause hepatocellular necrosis. Cirrhosis can be diagnosed with ultrasound, CT, and MRI, and these imaging modalities can also be used to evaluate for possible complications of cirrhosi...
Article
Cystic fibrosis
Cystic fibrosis (CF), also called mucoviscidosis, is an autosomal recessive genetic disease that affects the exocrine function of the lungs, liver, pancreas, small bowel, sweat glands, and urogenital system.
This article is a general discussion of the disease. Each organ system are discussed se...
Article
Cystic lesions of the pancreas (differential)
The differential for cystic lesions of the pancreas includes:
unilocular
pancreatic pseudocyst
intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN)
serous cystadenoma uncommonly uni/macrolocular
simple pancreatic cyst
cystic neuroendocrine tumour of the pancreas
diffuse pancreatic cysts
pancre...
Article
Focal hepatic steatosis
Focal hepatic steatosis, also known as focal hepatosteatosis or (erroneously) focal fatty infiltration, represents small areas of liver steatosis. In many cases, the phenomenon is believed to be related to the haemodynamics of a third inflow.
Epidemiology
Essentially the same as those that c...
Article
Gallstone ileus
Gallstone ileus is an uncommon cause of mechanical small bowel obstruction. It is a rare complication of chronic cholecystitis 7 and occurs when a gallstone passes through a fistula between the gallbladder and small bowel before becoming impacted at the ileocaecal valve.
Epidemiology
Although...
Article
Hypertension
Hypertension refers to an increase in blood pressure above the 'normal' for the age, sex, and ethnicity of the patient. This can be specified according to the vascular system involved. Although generally when it is not specified it is assumed to refer to the systemic type.
systemic hypertension...
Article
Haemochromatosis
Haemochromatosis is an iron overload disorder characterised by a progressive increase in total body iron stores and deposition of iron in some non-reticuloendothelial system (RES) body organs which results in some instances of organ dysfunction.
This article focuses on the general principles of...
Article
Hepatic adenoma
Hepatic adenomas, also referred to as hepatocellular adenomas, are benign, generally hormone-induced, liver tumours. The tumours are usually solitary, have a predilection for haemorrhage, and must be differentiated from other focal liver lesions.
Epidemiology
The incidence of hepatic adenomas ...
Article
Sinusoidal obstruction syndrome
Sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (SOS), previously known as hepatic veno-occlusive disease (VOD), is a condition arising from occlusion of hepatic venules.
Clinical presentation
right upper quadrant pain
painful hepatomegaly
ascites
abnormal liver function tests
Pathology
Toxic injury to l...
Article
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), also called hepatoma, is the most common primary malignancy of the liver. It is strongly associated with cirrhosis, from both alcohol and viral aetiologies. Hepatocellular carcinomas constitute approximately 5% of all cancers partly due to the high endemic rates o...
Article
Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia
Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT), also known as Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome, is a rare inherited disorder characterised by abnormal blood vessel formation in the skin, mucous membranes, and organs including the lungs, liver, and central nervous system.
Epidemiology
Worldwide prevale...
Article
Hypervascular liver lesions
Hypervascular liver lesions are findings that enhance more or similarly to the background hepatic parenchyma in the late arterial phase, on contrast-enhanced CT or MRI.
Differential diagnosis
Non-neoplastic
focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH)
bright arterial phase enhancement except central scar...
Article
Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm
Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms or tumours (IPMNs or IMPTs) are epithelial pancreatic cystic tumours of mucin-producing cells that arise from the pancreatic ducts. They are most commonly seen in elderly patients.
On imaging, particularly MRCP, they are characterised by single or multi...