Search results for “COPD”
37 results found
Article
Pulmonary hypertension (differential)
Pulmonary hypertension has many causes, and these can be divided in many ways. A simple and systematic approach is to proceed along the cardiopulmonary pulmonary circulation, as causes are found at each site (for a more official classification system see 2003 third world symposium on pulmonary a...
Article
Miminally invasive direct coronary artery bypass
Minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass (MIDCAB) is a novel method for bypassing diseased coronary arteries that can replace open coronary artery bypass grafts (CABG) in certain situations, most commonly when bypassing the left anterior descending artery (LAD) with a left internal thora...
Article
Right ventricular enlargement
Right ventricular enlargement (also known as right ventricular dilatation (RVD)) can be the result of a number of conditions, including:
pulmonary valve stenosis
pulmonary arterial hypertension
atrial septal defect (ASD)
ventricular septal defect (VSD)
tricuspid regurgitation
dilated card...
Article
Reverse Bernheim phenomenon
Reverse Bernheim phenomenon, also known as reverse Bernheim syndrome or reverse Bernheim effect, describes the compromise of left ventricular filling caused by the interventricular septum bulging into the left ventricle. When there is right ventricular pressure and volume overload, the intervent...
Article
Cor pulmonale
Cor pulmonale refers to altered structure and function of the right ventricle due to chronic lung disease-related pulmonary hypertension (group 3). The mechanism involves hypoxic vasoconstriction which leads to permanent changes in the pulmonary vascular bed. Cor pulmonale generally progresses s...
Article
Troponin
Troponin is a protein of key importance in the functioning of skeletal and cardiac muscles. It forms part of the contractile mechanism and comprises three main subunits: troponin C, troponin I, and troponin T.
Troponin elevation
Elevation of serum troponin can occur from a number of causes an...
Article
Platypnoea-orthodeoxia syndrome
Platypnoea-orthodeoxia syndrome refers to the concomitant occurrence of dyspnea and hypoxemia, respectively, which are precipitated by assuming an upright position and alleviated by assuming a recumbent position 4.
Clinical presentation
As the name of the syndrome suggests, the hallmark clinic...
Article
Cardiomegaly
Cardiomegaly is a catch-all term to refer to enlargement of the heart, and should not be confused with causes of enlargement of the cardiomediastinal outline, or enlargement of the cardiac silhouette.
Pathology
Etiology
There are many etiologies for cardiomegaly:
congestive heart failure...
Article
Pulmonary hypertension (2003 classification)
There are numerous causes of pulmonary hypertension, and thus not surprisingly there have been many classification systems.
In 2003, the 3rd World Symposium on PAH met in Venice and produced an updated classification system (this has been further revised in the Dana Point classification of pulm...
Article
Tobacco use
Tobacco use, most commonly by smoking cigarettes, is a drug habit of many throughout the world. It is a significant risk factor for many malignancies, and respiratory and cardiovascular diseases and is a major cause of premature mortality throughout the world.
Epidemiology
The World Health Org...
Article
COVID-19
For a quick reference guide, please see our COVID-19 summary article.
COVID-19 (coronavirus disease-2019) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a strain of coronavirus. The first cases were seen in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 before ...
Case
Cor pulmonale
Published
07 Apr 2023
92% complete
Ultrasound
X-ray
CT
Article
Adenosine
Adenosine is a vasodilating agent, which acts on the vascular smooth muscle surface and leads to vasodilation and a considerable increased vascular flow.
NB: This article aims to give a summarized description of adenosine. For detailed and exact information please refer to the information and d...
Case
Calcified cardiac fibroma
Published
28 Aug 2015
98% complete
CT
X-ray
Article
Non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema
Non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema is a classification of pulmonary edema where the underlying etiology is not due to left ventricular dysfunction. Causes include:
fluid overload
pulmonary edema with acute asthma
post-obstructive pulmonary edema/postintubation pulmonary edema/negative pressure ...
Article
Differential diagnosis for a small cardiothoracic ratio
A small cardiothoracic ratio (CTR) is defined as <42%/0.42 when assessed on a PA chest radiograph, and is often called small heart syndrome. A pathologically-small heart is also known as microcardia.
It can be due to/associated with a number of entities:
adrenal insufficiency, e.g. Addison...
Article
CT triple rule out (protocol)
A triple rule out (TRO) protocol is a cardiac CT protocol that aims to assess for different problems at the same time in one single examination: obstructive coronary artery disease, aortic dissection or pulmonary embolism.
The approach itself has been continuously under discussion due to diffic...
Article
Cardiac ischemia protocol (MRI)
The cardiac MRI ischemia or stress protocol encompasses a set of different MRI sequences for the assessment of myocardial ischemia.
Note: This article aims to frame a general concept of a cardiac MRI protocol in the setting of vasodilator stress perfusion testing.
Protocol specifics will vary ...
Article
Tetralogy of Fallot
Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is the most common cyanotic congenital heart condition with many cases presenting after the newborn period. It has been classically characterized by the combination of ventricular septal defect (VSD), right ventricular outflow tract obstruction (RVOTO), overriding aorta...
Article
Coronary CT angiography (protocol)
The coronary CT angiography or cardiac CT angiogram protocol is the most common dedicated cardiac CT examination and is a non-invasive tool for the evaluation of the coronary arteries.
Note: This article is intended to outline some general principles. Protocol specifics especially medications, ...
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