Articles
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More than 200 results
Article
Two diameter pocket method
The two diameter pocket (TDP) method is an alternative method of assessing amniotic fluid volumes on ultrasound. However, it is not thought to be a good predictor of adverse neonatal outcome 2.
Sonographic assessment
According to this method 1,2:
TDP <15 cm2: indicative of oligohydramnios
TD...
Article
Hand radiograph (checklist)
The hand radiograph checklist is just one of the many pathology checklists that can be used when reporting to ensure that you always actively exclude pathology that is commonly missed; this is particularly helpful in the examination setting, e.g. the FRCR 2B rapid-reporting.
Radiograph
Hand ra...
Article
Sagittal midline of the brain (an approach)
The sagittal midline of the brain is one of the most important sectional planes in neuroimaging. A good working knowledge of the normal neuroanatomy of the sagittal midline is essential so that the subtle abnormalities that may manifest here can be recognized.
The neuroembryological development...
Article
Cerebroplacental ratio
Cerebroplacental ratio (CPR) is an obstetric ultrasound tool used as a predictor of adverse pregnancy outcome in both small for gestational age (SGA) and appropriate for gestational age (AGA) fetuses. An abnormal CPR reflects redistribution of cardiac output to the cerebral circulation, and has ...
Article
Medial temporal lobe atrophy score
The medial temporal lobe atrophy (MTA) score, also known as Scheltens' scale, is useful in distinguishing patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease from those without impairment 2 is helpful in the assessment of patients with possible dementia (see neurodegenerative MRI brain...
Article
Central sacral vertical line
The central sacral vertical line (CSVL) is used in the assessment of spinal scoliosis.
It is a line constructed on frontal films of the spine and pelvis to measure coronal balance, drawn as follows:
a line connecting the top of the iliac crests is drawn
a second line is drawn perpendicular t...
Article
Febrile seizure
Febrile seizures are a largely idiopathic phenomenon which may occur between 6 and 60 months of age, defined by a seizure occurring concomitantly with a temperature over 38°C (100.4°F). This entity excludes seizures associated with infections of the central nervous system such as bacterial menin...
Article
Fetal MRI
Fetal MRI allows for detailed imaging of the developing fetus in utero. Fast sequences are required due to fetal movement 1. Fetal MRI is most commonly utilized when ultrasound findings are equivocal. Fetal anatomy can be evaluated in detail including the brain, upper aerodigestive tract, thorax...
Article
HRCT chest - expiration (protocol)
Expiratory high-resolution CT (HRCT) imaging corresponds to an additional CT acquisition performed as part of the HRCT chest protocol. It represents a scan performed with the patient on supine and images obtained at the end-expiration.
It is a useful method for detecting small airways obstruct...
Article
Cardiac silhouette
Cardiac silhouette refers to the outline of the heart as seen on frontal and lateral chest radiographs and forms part of the cardiomediastinal contour. The size and shape of the cardiac silhouette provide useful clues for underlying disease.
Radiographic features
From the frontal projection, t...
Article
Coxa magna
Coxa magna is the asymmetrical, circumferential enlargement and deformation of the femoral head and neck. Definitions in the literature vary but enlargement with asymmetry >10% in size is a reasonable cut-off for diagnosis 1.
Pathology
Etiology
Legg-Calve-Perthes disease
transient synovitis...
Article
Elbow radiograph (checklist)
The elbow radiograph checklist is just one of the many pathology checklists that can be used when reporting to ensure that you always actively exclude pathology that is commonly missed; this is particularly helpful in the examination setting, e.g. the FRCR 2B rapid-reporting.
Radiograph
Elbow ...
Article
Medial clear space (ankle)
The medial clear space is a radiographic measurement that may be useful in the diagnosis of ankle instability, syndesmotic injuries and ankle fractures 5.
Usage
The medial clear space is used in the prediction of deltoid ligament injury 1 and in conjunction with the tibiofibular clear space th...
Article
Sonographic approach to dyspnea (mnemonic)
This mnemonic will help with the sonographic approach to the critically ill patient with dyspnea:
CHEST
Mnemonic
C: collapsed lung (pneumothorax)
absence of anterior lung sliding, lung pulse, B-lines, or z-lines
these artifacts arise from the pleural interface; their presence would rule ou...
Article
Per vaginal bleeding in the exam
It is important to have a systematic way of approaching a case with per vaginal (PV) bleeding in the exam.
Premenopausal
embedded IUCD
lost IUCD
submucosal fibroid
Pregnancy-related
perigestational hemorrhage
intrauterine fetal demise
ectopic pregnancy
ruptured ectopic
cervical ectopi...
Article
Evacuation proctography
Evacuation proctography (defecography) is a fluoroscopic technique to evaluate pelvic floor prolapse. The technique traditionally involves fluoroscopy and barium, but an analogous MRI technique has also been developed (see: MR defecating proctography).
Indications
incomplete or obstructed defe...
Article
Wrist radiograph (approach)
Wrist x-rays are commonly used for the assessment of the wrist following trauma. This is usually a fall onto an outstretched hand.
Systematic review
It is useful to have a systematic approach; I tend to start proximally and work distally looking at structures on both views together:
distal ra...
Article
Enchondroma vs low grade chondrosarcoma
Distinguishing between enchondromas and low-grade conventional chondrosarcomas is a frequent difficulty as the lesions are both histologically and radiographically very similar.
It is important to remember, though, that differentiating between them may be a moot point since both can either be c...
Article
Female pelvic ultrasound
Pelvic ultrasound is usually the initial modality for imaging gynecologic pathology, including acute pelvic pain and chronic pelvic pain. The exam normally involves two components: a transabdominal (TA) evaluation and a transvaginal (TV) / endovaginal (EV) evaluation.
Normal ultrasound anatomy
...
Article
Epiphenomenon
Epiphenomenon (plural: epiphenomena) is a term used in medicine to refer to the association between two conditions 'X' and 'Y', in that there is a correlation, but without implying any direct causal link.
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