Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
More than 200 results
Article
Shoulder (AP glenoid view)
The shoulder AP glenoid view also known as a true AP or a 'Grashey view' is an additional projection to the two view shoulder series. The projection is used to assess the integrity of the glenohumeral joint.
Indications
The glenoid view is an ideal projection to inspect the glenoid rim, the g...
Article
Contrast-enhanced CT during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
Contrast-enhanced CT of patients undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) presents unique technical and diagnostic challenges. Modifications made will depend on whether the ECMO is venovenous or venoarterial.
Technical considerations
Several factors need to be considered to ensur...
Article
Magnification view (mammography)
A magnification view in mammography is performed to evaluate and count microcalcifications and its extension (as well the assessment of the borders and the tissue structures of a suspicious area or a mass) by using a magnification device which brings the breast away from the film plate and close...
Article
Noise reduction
Noise reduction, also known as noise suppression or denoising, commonly refers to the various algorithmic techniques to reduce noise in digital images once they are created although a few sources use the term more broadly to imply anything that reduces noise. In digital image processing various ...
Article
General radiography
General radiography, also known as plain film radiography, is the specialty within medical imaging that utilizes projectional radiography to examine anatomy. It is often referred to as simply ‘x-ray’ within medical imaging departments. Due to the differences in pediatric projectional radiography...
Article
Rolled CC view
A rolled CC view is performed to locate a lesion only visible in the cranio-caudal view, or when overlapped tissues in the standard view can simulate or partially conceal a lesion. Changing the distribution of breast parenchyma allows confirmation of the presence of a true lesion. When the lesio...
Article
Radiographer abnormality detection system
The radiographer abnormality detection system, otherwise known as the red dot system, is a system that was first trialled during 1981 in London, United Kingdom at the Ealing Hospital, and soon after at Northwick Park Hospital. The results of the trial were reported in 1985 1. Radiographers commu...
Article
Triple-rule-out CT
Triple-rule-out CT (TRO CT) angiography may be ordered in the setting of acute chest pain to examine the thoracic aorta and the coronary and pulmonary arteries. The protocol helps exclude life-threatening causes of acute chest pain, especially if atypical, or if alternative causes to acute coron...
Article
Chest radiograph (pediatric)
The chest radiograph is one of the most commonly requested radiographic examinations in the assessment of the pediatric patient. Depending on the patients' age, the difficulty of the examination will vary, often requiring a specialist trained radiographer familiar with a variety of distraction a...
Article
Pediatric chest (PA erect view)
The posteroanterior erect chest view is often performed in older pediatric patients; when the patient is able to cooperate with sitting or standing erect. This chest view examines the lungs, bony thoracic cavity, mediastinum and great vessels.
Indications
The PA erect view is often chosen over...
Article
Radiographic distortion
Several factors contribute to radiographic distortion whereby the anatomy examined is misrepresenting on the plain radiograph.
X-ray beam
The x-ray beam originates from a point source within the x-ray tube. It is due to this point source nature that x-ray beams will all possess 'beam diverge...
Article
Neonate chest (supine view)
The supine chest view of the neonatal patient is a common radiographic examination when examining preterm patients 1. Although not overall technically demanding, the radiographer should allocate time to ensure little to no repeats are required.
Research surrounding the technical evaluation and ...
Article
Pediatric chest (lateral view)
The pediatric lateral chest view may be performed as an adjunct to a frontal chest radiograph in cases where there is diagnostic uncertainty.
Indications
The lateral chest view examines the lungs, bony thoracic cavity, mediastinum, and great vessels. Lateral radiographs can be particularly use...
Article
Pediatric chest (supine view)
In pediatric imaging, the anteroposterior supine chest x-ray is beneficial for imaging unconscious or uncooperative patients.
Indications
This view is preferred in infant and neonate imaging, whilst AP erect and PA erect views are ideal for children able to cooperate in sitting or standing 1.
...
Article
Timed barium esophagogram
The timed barium esophagogram (TBO) is a simple physiologic assessment and objective method for assessing the esophageal emptying used in patients with suspected achalasia and to evaluate and follow up patients who have been treated with myotomy or pneumatic dilatation1,3.
Technique
Several te...
Article
Quantum noise
Quantum noise, also called quantum mottle, is the main and the most significant source of noise in plain radiography. It is a random process due to fluctuations in the number of photons reaching the detector from point to point. This means that exposing the detector in the absence of an object w...
Article
Off focus radiation
During x-ray generation, off-focus radiation refers to the emission of x-ray photons which originate outside of the anode focal spot. Essentially a form of scatter, photons produced in this manner may result in blurring and are of no use for diagnostic purposes. They are shielded as much as poss...
Article
Pediatric humerus (lateral view)
The lateral humerus view for pediatrics is part of the humerus series and is usually taken in a standing position. However, it can also be obtained in a supine position.
The projection demonstrates the humerus orthogonal to the AP view, allowing for adequate radiographic examination of the enti...
Article
Chest (supine view)
The supine anteroposterior chest view is the alternative to the PA view and the AP erect view when the patient is generally too unwell to tolerate standing, leaving the bed, or sitting 1. The supine view is of lesser quality than both the AP erect and the PA view for many reasons, yet sometimes ...
Article
Foot (weight-bearing lateral view)
The weight-bearing lateral foot radiograph is important in the assessment of foot alignment and the diagnosis of abnormalities that cause malalignment and foot pain. Nonweightbearing views (e.g. lateral foot) would be inadequate for the assessment of alignment as the bones of the feet are not in...
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