Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
More than 200 results
Article
Tamoxifen-induced reversible hepatic steatosis
Tamoxifen is an important anti-estrogen agent used for the treatment of hormone receptor-positive breast cancer and it may induce reversible hepatic steatosis. This is usually transient and may occasionally be associated with hepatic dysfunction. It only rarely leads to cirrhosis 1.
Epidemiolog...
Article
Perforating branches of internal thoracic artery
Perforating branches of the internal thoracic arteries arise from the paired internal thoracic arteries (also known as internal mammary arteries) and run in the superior six intercostal spaces. These arteries pierce the internal intercostal muscles and pectoralis major, contributing to the blood...
Article
Mammography
Mammography is a dedicated radiographic technique for imaging the breast, and the resultant images are known as mammograms.
Types of mammography
In general terms, there are two types of mammography: screening and diagnostic.
Mammography differs significantly in many respects from the rest of ...
Article
Tubulolobular carcinoma of the breast
A tubulolobular carcinoma (TLC) of the breast is considered a subtype of breast cancer that features of both invasive lobular carcinoma and tubular carcinoma of the breast. It therefore exhibits features of both ductal and lobular differentiation. Multifocality, muticentricity and percentage of ...
Article
Lymphocytic mastitis
Lymphocytic mastitis, also known as lymphocytic mastopathy or sclerosing lymphocytic lobulitis, is a rare benign inflammatory disease of the breast that can mimic breast cancer.
Terminology
Diabetic mastopathy is a closely-related entity although it is sometimes used synonymously in the litera...
Article
Fibrosarcoma of the breast
Fibrosarcoma of the breast is a type of malignant stromal sarcoma that rarely occurs as a primary tumor within the breast.
Pathology
A fibrosarcoma is composed of immature mesenchymal elements surrounded by a collagenous substance. It is a type of breast sarcoma with a predominant “herringbon...
Article
Extensive intraductal component (invasive ductal carcinoma)
Extensive intraductal component (EIC) in breast imaging evaluation is the pathological description where an invasive ductal carcinoma has a prominent intraductal component within it or if there is intraductal carcinoma, DCIS is present within sections of normal adjacent tissue. It is sometimes c...
Article
Chassaignac bursa
Chassaignac bursa (also known as the retromammary bursa, submammary serous bursa or occasionally Chassaignac bag) is the space behind the breast, lying between the pectoralis fascia posteriorly and deep layer of superficial fascia anteriorly.
It contains loose connective tissue and aids in mobi...
Article
Infiltrating syringomatous adenoma of the nipple
Infiltrating syringomatous adenoma of the nipple is a relatively rare, benign dermal neoplasm of the areola and nipple.
Clinical presentation
Syringomatous adenomas of the nipple usually present as unilateral 1 to 3 cm firm lesion in the subareolar or nipple region of the breast. Tenderness, i...
Article
Microglandular adenosis of the breast
Microglandular adenosis (MGA) of the breast is a pathological subtype of mammary adenosis. It is benign breast condition although can mimic a breast cancer (particularly tubular breast carcinoma 3,5) both clinically, radiology and pathologically.
Pathology
It is considered the only benign brea...
Article
Leborgne's law
Leborgne's law in mammography represents a classic clinical observation where the clinical (palpable) size of a malignant breast mass commonly exceeds the radiographic one 1. The peritumoral edema and/or desmoplastic reaction are thought to be the cause of this phenomenon.
The law has been des...
Article
PGMI evaluation system
PGMI (Perfect, Good, Moderate, Inadequate) is a system of evaluation of clinical image quality in mammography developed by the United Kingdom Mammography Trainers Group with the support of the College of Radiographers, aimed to ensure the maintenance of a high standard of mammography in breast s...
Article
Free silicone breast injections
Free silicone breast injections (silicone mastopathy) are an alternative form of breast augmentation to breast implants, although they have serious adverse effects and are banned in many countries.
Radiographic features
There are similar features to that of free silicone from breast implant r...
Article
Oil cyst (breast)
Oil cysts in breast imaging refer to benign breast lesions where an area of focal fat necrosis becomes walled off by fibrous tissue.
Epidemiology
Occurs across all age and ethnic groups with a female predilection. Usually associated with blunt trauma, if present in males.
Clinical presentati...
Article
Juvenile papillomatosis of the breast
Juvenile papillomatosis (JP) of the breast is a relatively common benign localized proliferative lesion in the breast.
Epidemiology
As the name implies, it is mainly seen in young women (mean age ~19-23 years 4,6) and is unusual in women over 30 years old.
Clinical presentation
Patients pres...
Article
Intracystic carcinoma (breast)
Intracystic carcinoma of the breast refers to a breast cancer located within a cyst.
Epidemiology
They represent ~0.2-1.3% of all breast cancers.
Pathology
Often they tend to represent papillary breast cancer 2:
intracystic papillary breast carcinoma (ICPC)
cystic degeneration of ductal c...
Article
Recurrent breast cancer
The term recurrent breast cancer in medical imaging is given to recurrence of malignancy within the same breast at or close to the resection bed more than two years following surgical excision.
Epidemiology
The rate of local recurrence may be as high as 19% in 10 years. The maximum for recurre...
Article
Lobular breast carcinoma
Lobular breast carcinoma is a subtype of breast cancer can range from lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) to invasive lobular carcinoma.
Pathology
Multicentricity and bilaterality tend to be quite common with lobular breast carcinomas.
Article
Lobular carcinoma in situ
Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) represents the next step up from atypical lobular hyperplasia (ALH) along the malignant spectrum of lobular breast carcinoma.
Epidemiology
Lobular carcinoma in situ occurs predominantly in premenopausal women with a mean age of 45 years old, approximately 10-15...
Article
Step-oblique mammography
Step-oblique mammography is an accurate technique for determining whether a mammographic finding visible on multiple images on only one projection (but not elucidated using standard additional mammographic projections) represents a summation artifact or a true mass and for precisely localizing t...
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