Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
More than 200 results
Article
Blocked premature atrial contractions
Blocked premature atrial contractions (BPACs) are considered a type cardiac bradyarrhythmia and if occurring in utero is classified under a fetal bradyarrhythmia.
Pathology
It is seen when a premature atrial contraction occurs very early on and consequently, it is not conducted into the ventri...
Article
Myocardial viability protocol (MRI)
The MRI myocardial viability protocol encompasses a set of different MRI sequences for the assessment of myocardial viability.
Note: This article aims to frame a general concept of a cardiac MRI protocol in the setting of acute or chronic myocardial infarction.
Protocol specifics will vary de...
Article
HIV/AIDS (cardiovascular manifestations)
Cardiovascular manifestations are seen with increased frequency in the HIV/AIDS adult population, and include:
pericardial effusions
dilated cardiomyopathy (prevalence 8-30%)
endocarditis: either infective or non-bacterial thrombotic (marantic) which is associated with malignancy or HIV wasti...
Article
Pulmonary hypertension (2013 classification)
In 2013, the 5th World Symposium on pulmonary hypertension took place in Nice, France and modified the classification system for pulmonary hypertension. This system supersedes the 2008 Dana Point classification of pulmonary hypertension. It in turn was superseded by the 2018 Nice classification ...
Article
Fetal premature ventricular contractions
Fetal premature ventricular contractions (FPVC) are a type ectopic ventricular contractions detected in utero. They are a type of extrasystoles.
Premature ventricular contractions are often followed by a compensatory pause due to the refractory state of the conduction system; the next conducted...
Article
Pulmonary hypertension (2003 classification)
There are numerous causes of pulmonary hypertension, and thus not surprisingly there have been many classification systems.
In 2003, the 3rd World Symposium on pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) met in Venice and produced an updated classification system (this has been further revised in the...
Article
Fetal pericardial teratoma
Fetal pericardial teratomas are rare pericardial teratomas that present in utero. They are an uncommon primary cardiac tumor occurring in a fetus.
Pathology
It is a type of germ cell tumor and arises from pluripotent cells derived from all three germinal layers. In contrast to ovarian teratoma...
Article
Pulmonary artery atresia
Pulmonary artery atresia, sometimes known as pulmonary atresia, is a congenital cardiovascular anomaly where there is complete disruption between the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) and the pulmonary trunk.
Epidemiology
The estimated incidence is 1 in 10,000 births ref.
Pathology
The ...
Article
Mitral annular disjunction
Mitral annulus disjunction (MAD) is an anatomic abnormality involving the confluence of the left atrium, mitral valve annulus, and the base of the left ventricle. It is classically associated with the spectrum of myxomatous disease of the mitral valve and mitral valve prolapse (MVP).
Epidemiol...
Article
HIV associated pulmonary arterial hypertension
HIV associated pulmonary arterial hypertension (HIV-PAH) is a specific form of pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with HIV.
Epidemiology
It is thought that approximately 0.5% of patients with HIV infection can develop moderate to severe pulmonary arterial hypertension. This is consider...
Article
Pericardial abscess
Pericardial abscesses are a rare and severe condition in which a collection of pus forms within the pericardium, the sac that surrounds the heart 1.
Epidemiology
Pericardial abscesses are rare, with incidence rapidly decreasing after the development of broad-spectrum antibiotics. They can occu...
Article
Double outlet right ventricle
Double outlet right ventricle (DORV) is a congenital cardiac anomaly where both the aorta and pulmonary trunk arise from the morphologically right ventricle. It is reported to account for ~2% of congenital cardiac defects 1. It is usually classed as a conotruncal anomaly. There is almost always ...
Article
Papillary muscle calcification
Papillary muscle calcification in the heart in small amounts can be a common finding in elderly patients and are often located at the apex. Large calcifications involving the papillary muscles are, however, rare. They have been associated with conditions such as:
coronary artery disease
dilate...
Article
Hemopericardium
Hemopericardium refers to the presence of blood within the pericardial cavity, i.e. a sanguineous pericardial effusion. If enough blood enters the pericardial cavity, then a potentially fatal cardiac tamponade can occur.
Pathology
Etiology
There is a very long list of causes 1,2 but some of ...
Article
Calcium volume score
The calcium volume score is a measure to quantify and calculate coronary artery calcium 1-3.
Its calculation includes all voxels with a Hounsfield attenuation >130 and this is done by multiplying the volume of each voxel, determined by the area and the slice thickness with the number of voxels ...
Article
Right ventricular outflow tract
The right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) refers to the region of blood outflow from the right ventricle between the supraventricular crest and the pulmonary valve. It is comprised of the conus arteriosus (infundibulum), ventricular septum and right ventricular free wall. It is commonly assesse...
Article
Mitral valve repair
Mitral valve repair or mitral valvuloplasty is a surgical method for treatment of a deficient mitral valve, which comprises removal of redundant valvular tissue and fixation of ruptured/elongated chordae tendineae rather than the whole replacement of the valve.
History and etymology
The first ...
Article
Atrial escape
Atrial escape refers to a chest x-ray sign of massive left atrial enlargement and is an exaggerated version of the double density sign.
Normally, the right border of the left atrium is not visible. As it enlarges it forms a distinct border projecting through the right heart shadow, medial to ...
Article
Walking man sign (chest x-ray)
The walking man sign is seen on a lateral chest radiograph and is a sign of left atrial enlargement. It results from posterior displacement of the left main bronchus such that it no longer overlaps the right bronchus. The left and right bronchus thus appear as an inverted 'V', mimicking the legs...
Article
Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in echocardiography (differential)
Left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction describes a state in which the egress of blood from the left ventricle to the systemic circulation is impeded as it traverses the anatomic LVOT to the aortic arch. Echocardiography, particularly with the use of spectral Doppler, may be used to de...
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