Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
More than 200 results
Article
Congenital cervical teratoma
Congenital cervical teratoma refers to a teratoma arising in the cervical region. They are thought to account for ~3% of teratomas in childhood/infancy 3.
Epidemiology
The estimated occurrence in neonates is ~1:20,000-40,000 live births 8.
Clinical presentation
Most tumors are diagnosed at b...
Article
Dubowitz syndrome
Dubowitz syndrome (DS) is a rare genetic disorder with a wide clinical spectrum which includes:
intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR)
postnatal growth restriction
microcephaly
moderate intellectual disability
characteristic facial anomalies
telecanthus
epicanthic folds
blepharophimos...
Article
Monochorionic monoamniotic twin pregnancy
A monochorionic monoamniotic (MCMA) twin pregnancy is a subtype of monozygotic twin pregnancy. These fetuses share a single chorionic sac, a single amniotic sac, and, in general, a single yolk sac.
Epidemiology
It accounts for the minority (~5%) of monozygotic twin pregnancies and ~1-2% of al...
Article
Fetal toxoplasmosis
Fetal toxoplasmosis is an in utero infection that results from transplacental transmission and subsequent infection with the organism Toxoplasma gondii. It falls in the TORCH group of infections.
Please refer to congenital cerebral toxoplasmosis for a specific discussion on this condition.
Ep...
Article
Fetal cystic renal disease
Fetal cystic renal disease can be in included in three of the four types classified according the system by Osathanondh and Potter 1:
Potter type I: infantile polycystic kidney disease
Potter type II: multicystic dysplastic kidneys
Potter type III: adult polycystic kidney disease
Potter type...
Article
Hypotelorism
Hypotelorism refers to an abnormal decrease in distance between any two organs although some authors use the term synonymously with orbital hypotelorism meaning an abnormal decrease in the distance between the two eyes (the eyes appear too close together). The article mainly focuses on the latte...
Article
Acrocephalopolysyndactyly
Acrocephalopolysyndactyly (ACPS) syndrome is comprised of a rare group of disorders collectively characterized by:
calvarial anomalies: e.g. craniosynostoses
digital anomalies: syndactyly and polydactyly
While there can be some overlap in features, they can be primarily classified into the fo...
Article
Umbilical cord knot
Umbilical cord knot is a term given to denote either
true umbilical cord knot: often the term "umbilical cord knot" is used to describe this entity 1
or
false umbilical cord knot: usually of no clinical significance
See also
umbilical cord entanglement
Article
Decidual cast
Decidual cast refers to the presence of an amount of relatively echogenic material in the uterine cavity in the context of an ectopic pregnancy.
Article
Subchorionic cyst
Subchorionic cysts are often considered a subtype of placental surface cyst (commonest type). They are often multiple and may be present in ~5-7% of term placentas 2. Occasionally they can compress chorionic or amniotic vessels leading to adverse fetal outcome.
Article
Failed pregnancy
Failed pregnancy is a pregnancy that will not carry through to term.
It is termed a miscarriage or failed early pregnancy when fetal demise occurs before 20 weeks gestational age and fetal death in utero (FDIU) when it occurs after 20 weeks gestation.
Practical points
The term "non-viable" pr...
Article
Fetal akinesia
Fetal akinesia essentially means a complete lack of fetal movement (cf. fetal hypokinesia where fetal movement is less than expected). The significance of detecting fetal akinesia in a live fetus is that it can be associated with a fetal akinesia deformation sequence.
Article
Fetal urachal cyst
A fetal urachal cyst refers to a urachal cyst occuring in utero. It may or may not communicate with the vertex of the fetal bladder. It may also arise within the umbilical cord. Umbilical cord urachal cysts originate from an extra-abdominal urachal system.
See also
fetal intra-abdominal cysts...
Article
Low set ears
Low set ears is a descriptive term used to given a depressed or abnormally low positioning of the pinna by two or more standard deviations below the population average.
Pathology
Associations
Low set ears can be associated with a number of anomalies which include:
aneuploidic / chromosomal s...
Article
Blocked premature atrial contractions
Blocked premature atrial contractions (BPACs) are considered a type cardiac bradyarrhythmia and if occurring in utero is classified under a fetal bradyarrhythmia.
Pathology
It is seen when a premature atrial contraction occurs very early on and consequently, it is not conducted into the ventri...
Article
Fetal hypoxia
Fetal hypoxia (FH) (also known as intrauterine hypoxia (IH)) occurs when the fetus is deprived of an adequate supply of oxygen.
Pathology
Fetal hypoxia can occur from a number of reasons:
umbilical cord prolapse
cord occlusion or cord thrombosis
placental infarction
maternal smoking
intra...
Article
Fetal polycythemia
Fetal polycythemia is manifested by an abnormally increased central venous hematocrit (Hct) level in utero. One of the key concerns with polycythemia is related to hyperviscosity and its associated complications.
Pathology
Associations
twin to twin transfusion syndrome: in recipient twin
ges...
Article
Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome
Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome (RTS) is a very rare genetic multi-system disorder primarily characterized by intellectual disability, broad and often angulated thumbs and halluces, and distinctive facial features.
Epidemiology
The estimated incidence is 1 in 100,000-125,000 live births 5.
Clinical...
Article
Ruptured omphalocele
Ruptured omphalocele occurs when there is rupture of the outer membrane of an omphalocele. When this happens the eviscerated fetal bowel looks free floating and distinction from gastroschisis becomes difficult. However, with a ruptured omphalocele, the abdominal defect generally tends to be larg...
Article
Twin growth disparity
A twin growth disparity is a closely related term to twin growth discordance. In a twin growth disparity, there may be a significant size or weight difference between the two fetuses but estimated fetal weight of smaller twin does not fall below the 10th centile. ( In contrast to twin growth dis...
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