Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
More than 200 results
Article
Retroperitoneal leiomyosarcoma
Retroperitoneal leiomyosarcoma, leiomyosarcoma arising within the retroperitoneum, is one of the commonest primary retroperitoneal neoplasms. The retroperitoneum is considered the most common extrauterine site for leiomyosarcoma.
Epidemiology
They are more common in women.
Clinical presentat...
Article
T-prolymphocytic leukemia
T-prolymphocytic leukemia (T-PLL) is a rare and unusual hematological malignancy.
Terminology
In the WHO classification, this is referred to as T-prolymphocytic leukemia rather than T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia.
Epidemiology
It represents around 2% of all mature lymphocytic leukaemias in a...
Article
Distal appendicular bone metastases
Distal appendicular bone metastases, especially distal to the knee and elbow joints, are uncommon.
Clinical presentation
Localized pain and swelling, along with pathological fractures, are the most common 3.
Pathology
Etiology
Malignancies that most commonly spread to appendicular skeleton...
Article
Abdominal distension (mnemonic)
A mnemonic for causes of abdominal distension (6 Fs) is:
F: fat
F: fluid
F: flatus
F: feces
F: fetus
F: fulminant mass
Article
Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is one of the non-small cell carcinomas of the lung, second only to adenocarcinoma of the lung as the most commonly encountered lung cancer.
Epidemiology
Squamous cell carcinoma accounts for ~30-35% of all lung cancers and in most instances is due to heavy smokin...
Article
Carcinosarcoma of the uterus
Carcinosarcomas of the uterus, previously known as malignant mixed Müllerian tumors (MMMT) of the uterus, are the most common (up to 50%) type of uterine sarcoma. They are thought to account for 2-8% of all malignant uterine cancers 1,2. The uterus is the most common site for carcinosarcomas of ...
Article
Perineural spread of tumor
Perineural spread of tumor is a form of local invasion in which primary tumors cells spread along the tissues of the nerve sheath. It is a well-recognized phenomenon in head and neck cancers.
Terminology
An important distinction has to be made between perineural invasion (PNI) and perineural ...
Article
Adrenal collision tumor
An adrenal collision tumor or collision tumor of the adrenal gland is an uncommon condition where two histologically distinct tumors abut each other or are in close proximity in the same adrenal gland.
Pathology
Collision tumors have been reported in nearly every organ, for example, collision ...
Article
Transitional cell carcinoma (urinary tract)
Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), also called urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC), is the most common primary malignancy of the urinary tract and may be found along its entire length, from the renal pelvis to the bladder.
As imaging findings and treatment vary according to where along the urinary...
Article
Fetal lung interstitial tumor
Fetal lung interstitial tumor (FLIT) is a proposed designation for a rare primary lung mass detected prenatally or when the patient is up to 3 months old.
Epidemiology
Fetal lung interstitial tumors have a slight predominance in boys 1.
Clinical presentation
It can present with varying degre...
Article
Soft tissue mass
Soft tissue masses or lesions are a common medical condition seen by primary care physicians, family physicians, surgeons and orthopedists. They include all outgrowths, both benign and malignant, arising from soft tissue 1-3.
Epidemiology
Soft tissue masses are very common, with benign lesions...
Article
Hyperechoic liver lesions
A hyperechoic liver lesion on ultrasound can arise from a number of entities, both benign and malignant. A benign hepatic hemangioma is the most common entity encountered, but in patients with atypical findings or risk for malignancy, other entities must be considered.
Benign
hepatic hemangiom...
Article
Central neurocytoma
Central neurocytomas are WHO grade 2 neuroepithelial intraventricular tumors with fairly characteristic imaging features, appearing as heterogeneous masses of variable size and enhancement within the lateral ventricle, typically attached to the septum pellucidum. They are typically seen in young...
Article
Sinonasal mucosal melanoma
Sinonasal mucosal melanoma (SNMM) is a very rare and unique subtype of malignant melanoma.
Epidemiology
Sinonasal mucosal melanomas account for ~1% of malignant melanomas and <4% of head and neck cancers 1,2. They affect older patients (60-90 years old) 2. There is a higher incidence in Japan ...
Article
Apical chest mass
Apical chest masses are often important and may be missed, especially when examined with a plain chest radiograph. It is always recommended to perform a targeted assessment of the apices of the lungs during a chest x-ray; they are one of the classic review areas.
Pathology
Etiology
Commonly a...
Article
Radiation-induced liver disease
Radiation-induced liver disease (RILD), also known as radiation hepatitis, represents the toxic effect of radiation therapy on normal hepatocytes.
This article will discuss liver toxicity appearances after external beam radiotherapy techniques. Please refer to the dedicated article on selecti...
Article
Primary hepatic lymphoma
Primary hepatic lymphoma (PHL) is very rare, with approximately 100 described cases. If it is being considered as a diagnosis, distant lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, bone marrow disease, and leukemia should not be present for at least 6 months after the liver tumor has been detected (see: second...
Article
Esophageal cancer (summary)
This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists
Esophageal cancer is a relatively uncommon tumor that occurs within the esophagus of affected individuals. Patients present with symptoms of increasing dysphagia that progress from solid foods to liquids.
Reference article...
Article
Pleural pointillism
Pleural pointillism is multiple high signal regions on b=1000 diffusion-weighted imaging but not at lower b-values. It can be a reliable tool allowing differentiation of malignant from benign pleural lesions and can help guide biopsy 1-3. Its sensitivity is reported to be 93-100% and specificit...
Article
High-grade surface osteosarcoma
High-grade surface osteosarcomas are sporadic and high-grade malignant osteoid-forming tumors emerging from the bony surfaces similar to parosteal and periosteal osteosarcomas.
Epidemiology
High-grade surface osteosarcomas are very rare and constitute <1% of all osteosarcomas. There seems to b...
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