Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
More than 200 results
Article
Cystic partially differentiated nephroblastoma
Cystic partially differentiated nephroblastomas (CPDN) are rare pediatric cystic renal tumors. They are distinct from pediatric cystic nephromas although they have very similar imaging appearances.
Terminology
Evolving terminology regarding cystic nephromas and other cystic renal tumors reflec...
Article
Pediatric knee (lateral view)
The lateral knee view for pediatrics is one of two views in order to examine the knee joint, patella, distal femur and proximal tibia and fibula. Depending on the child's age and the departmental protocol, additional views such as the skyline and intercondyler views may also be performed. In tra...
Article
Williams syndrome
Williams syndrome (WS), sometimes called Williams-Beuren syndrome, is characterized by some or all of the following features:
craniofacial dysmorphism (e.g. elfin facies)
oral abnormalities
short stature (50% of cases)
mild to moderate intellectual disability
supravalvular aortic stenosis ...
Article
Pediatric knee (horizontal beam lateral view)
The horizontal beam lateral knee view for pediatrics is a variation of the lateral knee view in order to examine the knee joint, patella, distal femur and proximal tibia and fibula. Depending on the child's age and the departmental protocol, additional views such as the skyline and intercondyler...
Article
Stroke in children and young adults
Stroke in children and young adults can result from several causes, which are distinct from the most common causes in adults.
Pathology
Etiology
Arterial ischemic stroke
arteriopathies
CADASIL (cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy)
CARA...
Article
Acute abdominal pain
Acute abdominal pain is a common acute presentation in clinical practice. It encompasses a very broad range of possible etiologies and diagnoses, and imaging is routinely employed as the primary investigative tool in its modern management.
Terminology
A subgroup of patients with acute abdomina...
Article
Café au lait spots
Café au lait spots are a type of pigmented skin lesions which are classically described as being light brown in color.
Conditions associated with them include:
neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1): spots with smooth borders which have been likened to the coast of California, a western state in the...
Article
Juvenile granulosa cell tumor (ovary)
Juvenile granulosa cell tumors of the ovary (JGCT) are a less common subtype of granulosa cell tumor of the ovary (~5% of cases). They are classified as ovarian sex cord / stromal tumors.
Epidemiology
It typically occurs in premenarchal girls and young women. The mean age of presentation is 13...
Article
Glycogen storage disease type II
Glycogen storage disease type II, also known as Pompe disease or acid maltase deficiency disease, is an inherited lysosomal storage disorder characterized by abnormal glycogen accumulation within lysosomes. It is a multisystem disorder involving the heart, skeletal muscle and liver. It is caused...
Article
M-line of Cremin
M-line of Cremin is an imaginary line that can be used to determine the level at which the blind pouch ends in anal atresia, determining whether the anal atresia is a high or a low type.
The line is drawn perpendicular to the long axis of the ischium on the lateral view and passes through the j...
Article
Apple-peel intestinal atresia
Apple-peel intestinal atresia, also known as type IIIb or Christmas tree intestinal atresia, is a rare form of small bowel atresia in which the duodenum or proximal jejunum ends in a blind pouch and the distal small bowel wraps around its vascular supply in a spiral resembling an apple peel. Oft...
Article
Faulty fetal packing
Faulty fetal packing, also known as congenital vault depression, is a congenital concave depression of the skull in a newborn.
Epidemiology
Occurs in 1 in 10,000 births 1.
Pathology
This appearance is due to external compression on the skull from 1,2:
fetal limb or twin
uterine fibroid
b...
Article
Lethal omphalocele-cleft palate syndrome
Lethal omphalocele-cleft palate syndrome is, as the name suggests, characterized by the association of omphalocele and cleft palate.
Prevalence is assumed to be <1 per 1,000,000. It has been postulated that this syndrome is likely to be an autosomal recessive condition 1.
History and etymolog...
Article
Unifocalisation procedure
A unifocalisation procedure is a corrective surgical technique used in patients with complete pulmonary artery atresia with major aortopulmonary collateral arteries (MAPCAs). In this technique, the collateral vessels supplying blood from the aorta directly to the lungs are brought into continuit...
Article
Ossifying renal tumor of infancy
Ossifying renal tumor of infancy (ORTI) is a rare renal tumor.
Epidemiology
extremely rare, <<1% of pediatric renal neoplasms (17 cases reported)
6 days - 3 months
male predominant
Pathology
Histology reveals spindle cells and osteoblastic cells in a calcified osteoid matrix. It is thought...
Article
Total repair of tetralogy of Fallot
Total repair of tetralogy of Fallot is a corrective surgical procedure that involves closure of the ventricular septal defect (VSD) and relief of right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) obstruction.
Procedure
Most patients with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) undergo elective surgical repair between ...
Article
Neurenteric canal of Kovalevsky
The neurenteric canal or canal of Kovalevsky is the transient communication of the amnion through notochordal canal to the yolk sac during notochordal formation at day 16-17.
Abnormalities during this stage produce the neurenteric cyst spectrum.
Article
18q deletion syndrome
18q deletion syndrome is a rare chromosomal anomaly where there is a deletion of part of the long arm of chromosome 18. Associated symptoms and findings vary widely, as do their severity. Characteristic clinical features include short stature, intellectual disability, hypotonia, facial, and dist...
Article
Fetal orbital masses
A fetal orbital mass is a rare occurrence but can arise from many patholologies
The list includes
Tumourous orbital masses
fetal retinoblastoma
fetal orbital teratoma
Non tumourous orbital masses
orbital encephalocoele 2
orbital heterotopic brain tissue 1
congenital cystic eyeball 4
pe...
Article
Focal periphyseal edema zone
Focal periphyseal edema zones, also known as FOPE zones, are regions of bone marrow edema seen on MRI that are principally located at the physes about the knee. They are thought to represent potentially painful manifestations of physiologic physeal fusion 1.
Epidemiology
FOPE zones are seen in...
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