Articles
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More than 200 results
Article
Costal hook sign (flail chest)
The costal hook sign is a chest x-ray feature seen in some cases of flail chest. It represents the rotation of a fractured rib along its long axis, something that is only possible if a second fracture is present along its length, even if the second fracture is not visible 1.
Article
Distal ulnar fractures
Distal ulnar fractures are common and usually occur with a concurrent distal radius fracture.
Pathology
Isolated fractures occur as a result of direct force to the ulna. Fractures associated with radius fractures usually occur as the result of a fall on an outstretched arm.
Distal ulnar fract...
Article
Double delta sign (meniscal tear)
The double delta sign is a feature that has been described in a bucket handle meniscal tear when the inner meniscal fragment flipped anteriorly adjacent to the anterior horn of the donor site and is referred to as a displaced bucket handle tear. The original location of the posterior horn remain...
Article
AO Spine classification of thoracolumbar injuries
The AO Spine classification of thoracolumbar injuries is a commonly used thoracolumbar spinal fracture classification system 1,2.
The AO Spine system (2013) supercedes the more complex and less reproducible AO Magerl classification 3. Unlike the other widely used system, the thoracolumbar injur...
Article
Occipital condyle fracture
Occipital condylar fractures are uncommon injuries usually resulting from high-energy blunt trauma. They are considered a specific type of basilar skull fracture, and importantly can be seen along with craniocervical dissociation.
Treatment of isolated injury is generally conservative, unless t...
Article
Mellado-Bencardino classification of Morel-Lavallée lesions
The Mellado-Bencardino classification of Morel-Lavallée lesions is based on shape, signal and enhancement characteristics, and the presence or absence of a capsule 1:
type I: laminar-shaped and seroma-like with increased T2 signal
type II: oval-shape that resembles a subacute hematoma with in...
Article
CHALICE rule
The Children’s Head injury ALgorithm for prediction of Clinically Important Events (CHALICE) clinical decision rule was developed to predict clinically important brain injuries in children with head trauma. This rule identifies high-risk criteria and divides them into history, examination and me...
Article
Blood pressure
The blood pressure (BP) is defined as the force exerted by the circulating blood on the walls of the blood vessels. Fundamentally the blood pressure depends upon the interaction of:
blood volume
cardiac contractility
compliance of the arterial walls
Blood pressure is traditionally measured i...
Article
Burst lobe
A burst lobe is an uncommonly used description of traumatic lobar intraparenchymal hemorrhage of the brain that ruptures into the subdural space and communicates with subdural hemorrhage 1.
As traumatic hemorrhages are more common in the frontal and temporal lobes, these lobes are the most affe...
Article
Superior orbital fissure syndrome
Superior orbital fissure syndrome (SOFS) (also known as Rochon–Duvigneaud syndrome) is a rare complication of craniofacial trauma with an orbital fracture that extends to the superior orbital fissure that results in injury to the cranial nerves III, IV, V (ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal ner...
Article
Solid and hollow abdominal viscera
The solid abdominal viscera (singular: viscus) is a collective term for those internal organs of the upper abdomen that are primarily solid in nature, namely the liver, pancreas, spleen, adrenals, and kidneys. It is used in contradistinction to the hollow abdominal viscera, which includes, the s...
Article
Floating knee
Floating knees occur when there are ipsilateral fractures of both femoral and tibial shafts. These are relatively rare injuries with reported poor outcomes.
Clinical presentation
The usual presentation is a combined closed midshaft femoral fracture and open midshaft tibial fracture. Vascular i...
Article
Condyle-C1 interval (CCI)
The condyle-C1 interval (CCI) is the measurement of the interval between condyle and C1 at four equidistant points on the joint surface in sagittal and coronal reconstructions of computed tomography.
The CCI is reported to have a high lateral symmetry in children 1. Used with a cut-off of 4 mm,...
Article
Stieda fracture
Stieda fractures refer to a bony avulsion injury of the medial collateral ligament (MCL) at the medial femoral condyle. When it fails to unite, it is known as a Pellegrini Stieda lesion.
It should not be confused with a Stieda process fracture of the talus.
Clinical presentation
Avulsion of t...
Article
Volar locking plate
Volar locking plates or distal volar radial anatomical plates are the most commonly used metallic device in the open reduction and internal stabilization of distal radius fractures. These devices allow immediate postoperative return of motion, and are good at preventing angular displacement. The...
Article
Discoligamentous injury
Discoligamentous injuries are severe spinal injuries in which the intervertebral disc and the intervertebral ligamentous structures are involved. They include cervical, thoracic or lumbar anterior tension band injuries as well as translational injuries.
Terminology
The term transdiscal fractur...
Article
Reverse Barton fracture
Reverse Barton fractures, also known as volar type Barton fractures, represent an intra-articular distal radial fracture with volar displacement.
In fact, the reverse Barton fracture is a type II Smith fracture: oblique distal intra-articular radial fracture 1,2.
For a discussion of this fract...
Article
Extracranial brain herniation
Extracranial or transcalvarial brain herniation refers to herniation of brain tissue external to the calvaria through a skull bone defect, which may be post-traumatic or post-surgical. Unlike encephaloceles, brain herniation is not surrounded by the meninges.
Craniectomy may be performed to de...
Article
Anterior talofibular ligament injury
Anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) injury is the most common of the ligament injuries that can occur as part of the lateral ligament complex injuries 2. The injuries can comprise either soft tissue tears, avulsion fractures or both.
Pathology
Anterior talofibular ligament injuries typically ...
Article
Pincer/split fracture
Pincer or split fractures are coronally oriented vertebral body fractures that involve the superior and inferior vertebral body endplates but do not involve the anterior or posterior cortices.
Clinical Presentation
Pincer fractures may present in the setting of trauma, with an axial loading m...
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