Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
More than 200 results
Article
Spaghetti sign (bladder)
The spaghetti sign may be seen in upper urinary tract bleeding.
It refers to the presence of a linear worm- or spaghetti-like filling defect within a contrast-opacified bladder 1,2. This linear filling defect represents blood clot extruded from the ureter and thereby molded into a tubular shape...
Article
Multiple endocrine neoplasia type II
Multiple endocrine neoplasia type II (MEN2) is also known as mucosal neuroma syndrome or multiple endocrine adenomatosis. It is a collection of syndromes characterized by the presence of multiple endocrine tumors.
They are autosomal dominant in inheritance, and share medullary thyroid carcinom...
Article
Staghorn calculus (kidney)
Staghorn calculi, also sometimes called coral calculi, are renal calculi that obtain their characteristic shape by forming a cast of the renal pelvis and calyces, thus resembling the horns of a stag. They refer to struvite calculi involving the renal pelvis and extending into at least two calyce...
Article
Seminal vesicle amyloidosis
Seminal vesicle amyloidosis refers to the deposition of amyloid in the seminal vesicles and can occur as organ-limited amyloidosis and/or as part of systemic amyloidosis.
Epidemiology
Amyloid deposition in the seminal vesicles is apparently commonly seen in elderly men with a prevalence rangin...
Article
Congenital megaureter
A congenital (primary) megaureter encompasses causes of an enlarged ureter which are intrinsic to the ureter, rather than as a result of a more distal abnormality; e.g. bladder, urethra (see secondary megaureter). It includes:
obstructed primary megaureter
refluxing primary megaureter
althoug...
Article
Urothelial carcinoma of the prostate
Urothelial carcinomas or transitional cell carcinomas of the prostate are malignant neoplasms that can occur as primary cancers of the prostate gland.
Epidemiology
Prostatic urothelial carcinomas account for less than 2-4% of all prostate cancers 1 and are usually seen in middle-aged men 2.
A...
Article
Hematuria causes (mnemonic)
A mnemonic to remember the commonest causes of hematuria is:
I PEE RBCS
Mnemonic
I: infection
P: pseudohaematuria (menses, dark urine)
E: exercise
E: external trauma
R: renal glomerular disease
B: benign prostatic hypertrophy
C: cancer
S: stones
Article
Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder (staging)
Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder staging uses the TNM system which has replaced the previously widely used Jewett-Strong-Marshall tumor staging system. It is very similar to the staging of TCC of the renal pelvis and staging of TCC of the ureter.
TNM staging (8th edition)
T
Ta: non-...
Article
Urinary bladder diverticulum
A urinary bladder diverticulum (plural: diverticula) is an outpouching from the bladder wall, whereby mucosa herniates through the bladder wall. It may be solitary or multiple in nature and can vary considerably in size.
Epidemiology
There are two peaks; one at 10 years and the other at 60-70 ...
Article
Renal oncocytosis
Renal oncocytosis, also known as renal oncocytomatosis, is the presence of many concurrent renal oncocytomas with or without renal cell carcinomas. Typically a dominant larger tumor is present, with bilateral innumerable smaller tumors. Sometimes renal failure may develop 1.
Article
Ureter
The ureter is a paired fibromuscular tube that conveys urine from the kidneys in the abdomen to the bladder in the pelvis.
Gross anatomy
The ureter is 25-30 cm long and has three parts:
abdominal ureter: from the renal pelvis to the pelvic brim
pelvic ureter: from the pelvic brim to the bla...
Article
Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis
Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF), also known as nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy, occurs almost exclusively in patients with renal impairment and is associated with the administration of gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) used in MRI.
The American College of Radiology (ACR) has divide...
Article
Surgical hemostatic material
Surgical hemostatic material is used to control bleeding intraoperatively and is hence frequently intentionally left in the operative bed, not to be confused with a gossypiboma which is caused by foreign material left behind in error. Its use has increased with the advent of minimally invasive s...
Article
Paratesticular tumors
A paratesticular mass may derive from a number of structures that surround the testis within the scrotum; most commonly, they derive from the spermatic cord.
Pathology
The masses can be categorized as benign (70%) or malignant (30%).
Etiology
Benign
spermatic cord lipoma (most common parat...
Article
Vesicovaginal reflux
Vesicovaginal reflux is a well-known entity rarely encountered by radiologists. It is a behavioral disorder, a type of dysfunctional elimination syndrome commonly encountered in pre-pubertal girls. It is defined as reflux of urine into the vaginal vault either in supine or upright position durin...
Article
Renal lymphangiomatosis
Renal lymphangiomas, which can also include renal lymphangiectasia, are a rare disorder, where there is dilatation of perirenal, parapelvic, and intrarenal lymphatics. The diagnosis can be suggested by imaging, and aspiration of chylous fluid is usually confirmatory.
For a broader discussion, ...
Article
Testicular seminoma
Testicular seminomas are a type of germ cell tumor and the most common testicular tumor, accounting for ~45% of all primary testicular tumors. This article concerns only testicular seminomas; however, seminomas can arise outside of the testis, most often within the anterior mediastinum (see arti...
Article
Sciatic hernia
Sciatic hernias (alternative plural: herniae) are a rare type of pelvic floor hernia, which occur through either the greater or lesser sciatic foramina. The hernias can contain variable structures. One particular type is the ureterosciatic hernia.
See also
curlicue ureter sign
Article
Liddle syndrome
Liddle's syndrome is an autosomal dominant condition which inhibits the normal degradation of the ENaC sodium channel, resulting in findings that mimic Conn's syndrome (hyperaldosteronism); hypernatremia, hypokalemia and elevated serum bicarbonate. Typically patients are asymptomatic other than ...
Article
Whirlpool sign (testicular torsion)
The whirlpool sign of the spermatic cord is a direct sign of testicular torsion, both complete and incomplete (i.e. <360°). It is considered to be the most specific and sensitive sign for testicular torsion.
Terminology
The term whirlpool sign is used in other contexts: see whirlpool sign (dis...
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