Search results for “cerebral atrophy”

180 results found
Article

Transependymal edema

Transependymal edema, also known as interstitial cerebral edema or periventricular lucency (PVL), is a type of cerebral edema that occurs with increased pressure within the cerebral ventricles. FLAIR is the most sensitive MRI sequence for detection. Pathology The ventricular ependymal lining i...
Article

Subdural hemorrhage

Subdural hemorrhage/hematoma (SDH) is a collection of blood accumulating in the subdural space. Subdural hemorrhage can happen in any age group, is mainly due to head trauma and CT scans are usually sufficient to make the diagnosis. Prognosis varies widely depending on the size and chronicity of...
Article

Systemic lupus erythematosus (CNS manifestations)

Central nervous system manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus (CNS lupus), also known as neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE), describe a very diverse range of neuropsychiatric manifestations that are secondary to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in the central nervous...
Article

HIV-associated dementia

HIV-associated dementia (HAD), previously referred to as AIDS dementia complex (ADC), corresponds to a neurological clinical syndrome seen in patients with HIV infection. The associated imaging appearance is generally referred to as HIV encephalopathy. Terminology The terms HIV dementia comple...
Article

Uremic encephalopathy

Uremic encephalopathy is an acquired toxic syndrome characterized by delirium in patients with untreated or inadequately treated acute or chronic kidney disease 13. Uremic encephalopathy is often associated with lethargy and confusion in the acute phase, which can progress to seizures, coma, or ...
Article

Syphilis

Syphilis is the result of infection with the gram-negative spirochete Treponema pallidum, subspecies pallidum. It results in a heterogeneous spectrum of disease with many systems that can potentially be involved, which are discussed separately.  Epidemiology Despite the discovery of penicillin...
Article

Nasu-Hakola disease

Nasu-Hakola disease, also known as polycystic lipomembranous osteodysplasia with sclerosing leukoencephalopathy, is a rare inherited neuropsychiatric disorder which in addition to cognitive impairment also demonstrates bone cysts.   Epidemiology Although the exact incidence is not known, the c...
Article

Dementia

Dementia, relabelled major neurocognitive disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), is a clinical syndrome defined by progressive decline in one or more cognitive domains relative to a person's premorbid functional level. To fulfill the criteria for dementia,...
Article

Anorexia nervosa (CNS manifestations)

The CNS manifestations of anorexia nervosa are common but varied with most of the imaging features non-specific in their own right.  For a general discussion, and for links to other system specific manifestations, please refer to the article on anorexia nervosa. Epidemiology Studies have iden...
Article

Neuroferritinopathy

Neuroferritinopathy, also known as neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation type 2 (NBIA type 2), is a disorder of iron metabolism caused by a mutation in the ferritin light chain 1 gene (FTL1) on chromosome 19. Epidemiology Neuroferritinopathy is a rare disorder first described in 2001 ...
Article

Myoclonic epilepsy with red ragged fibers (MERRF)

Myoclonic epilepsy with red ragged fibers (MERRF) is a rare multisystem mitochondrial disorder. Clinical presentation Patients usually present in late adolescence or early adulthood with 1-3 myoclonus epilepsy cerebellar ataxia intellectual disability vision and/or hearing loss cardiomyo...
Article

Hydrocephalus

Hydrocephalus denotes an increase in the volume of CSF, causing the distension of cerebral ventricles (ventriculomegaly) due to insufficient passage of the CSF from its point of production in the ventricles into the systemic circulation 7. Terminology Although hydrocephalus is typically referr...
Article

Galloway-Mowat syndrome

Galloway-Mowat syndrome (GAMOS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by nephrotic syndrome and central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities, namely microcephaly. Epidemiology Galloway-Mowat syndrome is considered extremely rare. Approximately 40 cases have been reported worldwide...
Article

Sickle cell disease

Sickle cell disease (SCD) (historically also known as drepanocytosis) is a hereditary (autosomal recessive) condition resulting in the formation of abnormal hemoglobin (a hemoglobinopathy), which manifests as multisystem ischemia and infarction, as well as hemolytic anemia.  Hemoglobin SC (HbSC...
Article

Anorexia nervosa

Anorexia nervosa is a psychiatric disorder characterized by distorted self-perception of body weight leading to starvation, obsession with remaining underweight, and an excessive fear of gaining weight. One in five patients with anorexia dies due to complications of the disease. Epidemiology T...
Article

Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts

Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts, also known as Van der Knaap disease, refers to a rare inherited autosomal recessive disease characterized by diffuse subcortical leukoencephalopathy associated with white matter cystic degeneration.  Epidemiology The age at symptoms m...
Article

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (CNS manifestations)

The central nervous system (CNS) is an uncommonly involved organ system in Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH). Involvement of the CNS is related but distinct from involvement of the skull or craniofacial structures, which are discussed separately in the article skeletal manifestations of LCH. F...
Article

Incontinentia pigmenti

Incontinentia pigmenti, also known as Bloch-Sulzberger syndrome, is a rare condition that can affect many body systems, especially the skin. As an X-linked dominant genetic disorder, it occurs much more often in females than in males. Epidemiology Incontinentia pigmenti is rare and the true pr...
Article

Visual agnosia

Visual agnosia is a special type of agnosia where patients are unable to recognize objects despite having knowledge about them and being able to visually perceive them. It typically occurs when there is damage to the ventral occipitotemporal pathway, such as in posterior cerebral atrophy (Benso...
Article

Cella media index

The cella media index (also known as Schiersmann's index) is one of the methods used to assess ventricle size with respect to brain tissue and cerebral atrophy. It is the ratio of biparietal diameter of skull to maximum external diameter of bodies of the lateral ventricles (cella media) 1. A no...

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