Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
More than 200 results
Article
Breast venous malformation
Breast venous malformations (also known as breast hemangiomas) are benign vascular lesions occurring within breast tissue.
Most breast venous malformations are so called cavernous malformations, which are found throughout the body. For a general discussion please refer to the general article on...
Article
Mastitis
Mastitis (rare plural: mastitides) refers to inflammation of the breast parenchyma, of which there are a number of subtypes:
acute mastitis
puerperal mastitis usually occurs from infection with Staphylococcus spp. during lactation
non-puerperal mastitis: not related to lactation and usually o...
Article
Supraclavicular lymph nodes
The supraclavicular lymph nodes (often shortened to the supraclavicular nodes) are a paired group of lymph nodes located on each side in the hollow superior to the clavicle, close to the sternoclavicular joint. It is the final common pathway of the lymphatic system as it joins the central venous...
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Inflammatory carcinoma of the breast
Inflammatory carcinoma of the breast, also referred to as inflammatory breast cancer, is a relatively uncommon but aggressive form of invasive breast carcinoma with a characteristic clinical presentation and unique radiographic appearances.
Epidemiology
Inflammatory carcinomas account for 1...
Article
Tuberculous mastitis
Tuberculous mastitis is often considered a form of granulomatous mastitis secondary to Mycobacterium tuberculous infection of the breast. Some authors however reserve the term granulomatous mastitis to idiopathic granulomatous mastitis.
Tuberculous mastitis can mimic many other pathologies in ...
Article
Halo sign (breast)
Halo sign in mammography refers to a radiolucent rim (halo) around a lesion and is generally but not always indicative of a benign breast lesion. Exceptions include intracystic carcinoma, papillary carcinoma, and carcinoma arising within a fibroadenoma.
See also
halo sign (chest)
halo sign (u...
Article
Interval breast cancer
Interval breast cancer is a term given to cancers detected/presenting within 12 months after a mammographic screening in which findings are considered normal 2. The term is a statistical benchmark used in conjunction with other parameters to assess the efficacy of breast imaging programmes and t...
Article
Eklund technique
Eklund modified compression technique is a technique which can be used for patients with augmented or reconstructed breasts post mastectomy.
Technique
It consists of posterosuperior displacement of the implants simultaneously to an anterior traction of the breast, pushing the implants towards...
Article
Complicated breast cyst
Complicated breast cysts are one of the cystic breast lesions that show intracystic debris which may imitate a solid mass appearance. They should be carefully differentiated from a complex cyst and may require alternative management 3.
Radiographic features
Ultrasound
thin wall with or withou...
Article
Breast
The breast is an apocrine gland found in both males and females. However, in females, it has a specific function - the production of milk for neonatal nutrition and immune function.
Gross anatomy
The breast has an inhomogeneous structure that is predominantly composed of adipose tissue and gla...
Article
Tent sign (breast)
The tent sign is a term referring to a characteristic appearance of the posterior edge of the breast parenchyma when a mass (usually an infiltrating lesion) causes its retraction and forms an inverted "V" that resembles the tip of a circus tent.
The detection of a "tent sign" is facilitated by ...
Article
Diabetic mastopathy
Diabetic mastopathy is a condition characterized by the presence of a benign tumor like breast masses in women with long-standing type 1 or type 2 insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The condition has also been reported in men.
Clinical presentation
Diabetic mastopathy manifests clinically as...
Article
Breast lipoma
Breast lipomas are benign breast lesions and are classified as BIRADS II lesions.
Terminology
The term giant breast lipoma has been variably defined as a breast lipoma greater than 5 cm or 10 cm in size 5.
Clinical presentation
Lipomas are mostly asymptomatic and coincidentally discovered on...
Article
Cutaneous calcifications in breast imaging
Cutaneous calcifications in breast imaging can form in dermal sweat glands after low grade folliculitis and inspissation of sebaceous material. Calcifications may also form in moles and other skin lesions. The vast majority of calcifications are coincidental findings on mammography.
Radiographi...
Article
Inspissated secretions
Inspissated secretions refers to thickened secretions with increased viscosity within ducts or body cavities (usually nasal, paranasal sinus, oral or ductal) that usually become thickened by dehydration (typically a chronic process). The secretions can then cause obstruction to respective airway...
Article
Cooper ligament
Cooper ligaments are the fibrous connections between the inner side of the breast skin and the pectoral muscles. Working in conjunction with the fatty tissues and the more fibrous lobular tissues, they are largely responsible for maintaining the shape and configuration of the breast. They play a...
Article
Crests of Duret
The crests of Duret attach the most numerous superficial breast lobes by their summit to the superficial layer of fascia. The deepest crests connect the anterior lobes to the deep layer through the Cooper's ligament.
Breast lobe groups about one hundred lobules separated by interlobular connect...
Article
Athelia
Athelia is a rare congenital condition characterized by the absence of the nipple. This may occur unilaterally or bilaterally.
Associations
Poland syndrome
ectodermal dysplasia 2
Article
Bilateral axillary lymphadenopathy (differential)
Bilateral axillary lymphadenopathy can result from a number of causes and generally implies a systemic process. They include:
autoimmune diseases, e.g.:
rheumatoid arthritis
scleroderma
dermatomyositis 5
systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
psoriasis
Sjögren syndrome
lymphoma
leukemia
di...
Article
Focal fibrosis of the breast
Focal fibrosis of the breast (FFB) is a benign entity characterized by abundant connective tissue separating intervening ducts and lobules, which are often atrophic. There is obliteration of the mammary acini and ducts by hypocellular fibrous tissue which results in a localized area of fibrous t...
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