Articles
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More than 200 results
Article
Stab wound (overview)
Stab wounds are a form of penetrating trauma that may be self-inflicted or inflicted by another person either accidentally or intentionally. They may be caused by a variety of objects and may occur anywhere in the body.
Terminology
Although commonly caused by a knife as well, slash injuries di...
Article
Emphysematous pancreatitis
Emphysematous pancreatitis is an unusual complication of acute pancreatitis caused by necrotizing infection of the pancreas. It is associated with gas-forming bacteria and characterized by the presence of gas within or around the pancreas 1.
Pathology
Infection with gas-forming bacteria such ...
Article
De Garengeot hernia
De Garengeot hernias (alternative plural: herniae) are femoral hernias that contain the appendix.
It is not to be confused with Amyand hernia, which is an appendix-containing inguinal hernia.
Epidemiology
It is a rare phenomenon, with only 1% of all femoral hernias containing the appendix (an...
Article
Bird beak sign (esophagus)
The bird's beak sign of the esophagus is used to refer to the tapering of the inferior esophagus in achalasia. The same appearance is also referred to as the rat's tail sign.
The appearance, although classically occurring in primary achalasia, can also occur in pseudoachalasia due to a gastric ...
Article
Cryptococcoma
Cryptococcomas are a rare complication of infection by the Cryptococcus genus of invasive fungi, where a discrete, encapsulated lesion of immune infiltrates and pathogen forms. Cryptococcus gattii is most often isolated but Cryptococcus neoformans may also form cryptococcomas.
Epidemiology
In ...
Article
CT esophagography
CT esophagography is a CT study designed to primarily evaluate the esophagus, particularly in the situation of esophageal trauma and potential perforation. It has been developed partly as an alternative to fluoroscopic barium swallow evaluation in this situation.
Indications
potential esophage...
Article
Ulcerative colitis
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that not only predominantly affects the colon, but also has extra-intestinal manifestations.
Epidemiology
Typically ulcerative colitis manifests in young adults (15-40 years of age) and is more prevalent in males but the onset of d...
Article
Abdominal adhesions
Abdominal adhesions are bands of scar tissue (fibrous or fibrofatty), most often occurring as a complication of previous abdominal surgery.
Pathology
Adhesions often occur with
multiple abdominal operations or previous postoperative intra-abdominal complications
history of intra-abdominal infla...
Article
Melioidosis
Melioidosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei (previously known as Pseudomonas pseudomallei) and is a multisystem disorder which may affect the lungs, brain, visceral organs, or musculoskeletal system.
Epidemiology
Melioidosis is a disease of the monsoo...
Article
Pyloric stenosis
Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (HPS) refers to the idiopathic thickening of gastric pyloric musculature which then results in progressive gastric outlet obstruction.
Epidemiology
Pyloric stenosis is relatively common, with an incidence of approximately 2-5 per 1000 births, and a male predilect...
Article
Graft versus host disease
Graft versus host disease (GvHD) is a frequent complication of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, commonly known as bone marrow transplantation. Antirejection drugs have reduced the incidence, although it does still frequently occur.
Pathology
Graft versus host disease can pr...
Article
Chylous ascites
Chylous ascites (also known as chyloperitoneum) is defined as the abnormal intraperitoneal accumulation of milky lymphatic fluid with a triglyceride level >110 mg/dL 1. Etiologically it is due to a disruption of the lymphatic system, most commonly obstructive due to a mass or traumatic (which ma...
Article
Pancreatic calcifications
Pancreatic calcifications can arise from many etiologies.
Punctate intraductal calcifications
chronic pancreatitis
alcoholic pancreatitis (20-40%) 2
intraductal, numerous, small, irregular
preponderant cause of diffuse pancreatic intraductal calcification
gallstone pancreatitis (2%) 2
m...
Article
Mesenteric cyst
Mesenteric cysts are a very rare cause of abdominal pain and have a wide range of underlying causes.
Terminology
The term "mesenteric cyst" is considered a descriptive of the location and gross appearance of "any cyst" arising in the mesentery 8.
Epidemiology
Mesenteric cysts are rare, with...
Article
Ectopic pancreatic tissue
Ectopic pancreatic tissue, also known as heterotopic pancreatic tissue, refers to the presence of pancreatic tissue in the submucosal, muscularis or subserosal layers of the luminal gastrointestinal tract outside the normal confines of the pancreas and lacking any anatomic or vascular connection...
Article
Schatzki ring
A Schatzki ring, also called a Schatzki-Gary ring, is a symptomatic, narrow esophageal B-ring occurring in the distal esophagus and usually associated with a hiatus hernia.
Epidemiology
Relatively common, lower esophageal rings are found in ~6-14% of oesophagrams 9.
Associations
More than ...
Article
Aortoesophageal fistula
Aortoesophageal (aorto-esophageal) fistulae are pathologic communications between the aorta and esophagus and result in life-threatening upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. They are fatal in the absence of prompt management.
Epidemiology
Aortoesophageal fistulas are a rare entity that accounts...
Article
Spigelian hernia
Spigelian hernias (alternative plural: herniae), also known as lateral ventral hernias, are a type of abdominal hernia along the semilunar line, resulting in herniation between the muscles of the abdominal wall.
Epidemiology
They are rare and account for ~1% (range 0.1-2%) of ventral hernias 2...
Article
Direct inguinal hernia
A direct inguinal hernia (alternative plural: herniae) is a type of groin herniation, that arises from protrusion of abdominal viscera through a weakness of the posterior wall of the inguinal canal medial to the inferior epigastric vessels, specifically through Hesselbach's triangle.
This type ...
Article
Paravesical space
The paravesical spaces are paired avascular spaces of the pelvis. The paravesical spaces generally contain fat, but can become filled with ascites, blood, or other substances during pathological processes.
Gross anatomy
Boundaries
superior: lateral umbilical folds
inferior: pubocervical fasc...
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