Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
More than 200 results
Article
Hepatic veins
Three large intrahepatic veins drain the liver parenchyma, into the inferior vena cava (IVC), and are named the right hepatic vein, middle hepatic vein and left hepatic vein. The veins are important landmarks, running in between and defining the segments of the liver. There are separate smaller ...
Article
Interstitial lung disease associated with primary biliary cholangitis
Interstitial lung disease associated with primary biliary cholangitis can occur in a variable pattern that can include 1:
pulmonary fibrosis
lymphoid interstitial pneumonia
non-specific interstitial pneumonia
bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia
Epidemiology
It may occur in a...
Article
Portal vein thrombosis
Portal vein thrombosis may be seen in a variety of clinical contexts, and when acute can be a life-threatening condition. It is a major cause of non-cirrhotic presinusoidal portal hypertension. Portal vein thrombus may be either bland and/or malignant (i.e. tumor thrombus), and it is a critical ...
Article
Meandering main pancreatic duct
Meandering main pancreatic duct (MMPD) denotes a main pancreatic duct that drains normally into the major papilla but performs a hairpin turn (reverse Z-type) or loop (loop-type) in the pancreatic head, in contradistinction to the smooth curvature seen in most cases.
These ductal variants are f...
Article
Bismuth-Corlette classification
The Bismuth-Corlette classification is a classification system for extrahepatic bile duct obstruction.
Usage
The Bismuth-Corlette classification is commonly used in cases of perihilar cholangiocarcinomas, reflects the extent of ductal infiltration and impacts resection and reconstruction optio...
Article
Gallbladder cancer (staging - AJCC 8th edition)
The AJCC (American Joint Committee on Cancer) 8th edition gallbladder cancer staging system was introduced in 2018.
TNM system
T: primary tumor
Tis: carcinoma in situ - tumor only within the epithelium (the inner layer of the gallbladder)
T1: tumor invades the lamina propria or muscularis
T...
Article
Multiple biliary hamartomas
Multiple biliary hamartomas (MBH) are a rare cause of multiple benign hepatic lesions. The condition is also known as von Meyenburg complexes, multiple bile duct hamartomas, or biliary microhamartomas. Multiple biliary hamartomas are asymptomatic and usually found incidentally. It is important t...
Article
Intravenous drug user
Intravenous drug users (IVDU) are people who inject non-medical and controlled medical drugs (and may have substance use disorder) for non-medical purposes. Frequently injected drugs include heroin, cocaine, prescription opioids and methamphetamine 6.
Terminology
More neutral terms such as pe...
Article
Porcelain gallbladder
Porcelain gallbladder is a rare condition characterized by complete or scattered encrustation of the gallbladder wall. The term has been used to emphasize the blue discolouration and brittle consistency of the gallbladder wall at surgery, but it is often an incidental finding on multiple differe...
Article
CT chest abdomen-pelvis (protocol)
The CT chest-abdomen-pelvis protocol serves as an outline for an examination of the trunk covering the chest, abdomen and pelvis. It is one of the most common CT examinations conducted in routine and emergencies. It can be combined with a CT angiogram.
Note: This article aims to frame a genera...
Article
Functional gallbladder disorder
Functional gallbladder dysfunction refers to biliary pain due to motility disturbance of the gallbladder without gallstones, biliary sludge, microlithiasis or microcrystals.
Terminology
The disorder has been or is known by several other names, including gallbladder dysfunction, gallbladder dys...
Article
Anastomosing hemangioma
Anastomosing hemangiomas are benign vascular neoplasms consisting of thin-walled anastomosing vessels. These lesions have been just added to the WHO classification of soft tissue tumors in 2020 as a separate entity 1-3
Epidemiology
Anastomosing hemangiomas are rare lesions with a wide range of...
Article
Sarcoidosis (abdominal manifestations)
Sarcoidosis is a systemic inflammatory disease of unknown origin characterized by the formation of non-caseating granulomas. Virtually any organ system may be involved. Although less common than pulmonary and mediastinal disease, abdominal sarcoidosis can mimic more common infectious or neoplast...
Article
CA 19-9
CA 19-9 (carbohydrate antigen 19-9 or cancer antigen 19-9) is a serum antigen (monosialoganglioside) that has increased diagnostic use in the management of several malignancies, mainly of hepatopancreaticobiliary origin. It is non-specific, however, and can rise in both malignant and non-maligna...
Article
Hepatocystic triangle
The hepatocystic triangle, also known as hepatobiliary triangle or Calot triangle, is a small triangular space at the porta hepatis of surgical importance as it is dissected during cholecystectomy. Its contents, the cystic artery and cystic duct, must be identified before ligation and division t...
Article
Liver biopsy (transjugular)
Transjugular liver biopsy (TJLB) is an alternative to a percutaneous liver biopsy in patients with diffuse liver disease, coagulopathy and ascites.
It is sometimes done in combination with a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPSS) or venography.
Indications
massive ascites
coag...
Article
Normal hepatobiliary imaging examples
This article lists examples of normal imaging of the liver and biliary tree and surrounding structures, divided by region and modality.
Liver
Plain radiographs
liver silhouette: example
Ultrasound
liver ultrasound
example 1 with shear wave elastography
liver Doppler ultrasound: example ne...
Article
Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma
Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma is a distinct histological variant of hepatocellular carcinoma characterized on microscopy by laminated fibrous layers between the tumor cells. It is important as it has different demographics and risk factors compared to "standard" hepatocellular carcinoma...
Article
Pancreatic pseudocyst
Pancreatic pseudocysts are common sequelae of acute pancreatitis or chronic pancreatitis, and the most common cystic lesion of the pancreas. They are important both in terms of management and differentiation from other cystic processes or masses in this region.
Terminology
The following are th...
Article
Sickle cell disease (abdominal manifestations)
Abdominal manifestations of sickle cell disease (SCD) are wide and can involve many organs.
For a general discussion, please refer to sickle cell disease.
Splenic
splenomegaly
may occur transiently with the sequestration syndrome, where rapid pooling of blood occurs in the spleen, resulting ...
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