Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
More than 200 results
Article
Hypoplastic nasal bone
Hypoplasia of the nasal bone refers to a sonographic observation where the fetal nasal bone appears smaller by varying degrees.
There is a spectrum of nasal bone hypoplasia, at one end of which is the relatively easily identified absent nasal bone. The other end of the spectrum is considerably ...
Article
Fallopian tube
The fallopian tube (TA: tuba uterina 8), also known as the uterine tube or, less commonly, the oviduct, is a paired hollow tube that bridges the ovary and uterus and functions to convey the mature ovum from the former to the latter. If conception occurs, it usually does so within the tube, which...
Article
Conotruncal cardiac anomalies
Conotruncal heart defects are a group of congenital cardiovascular anomalies involving the outflow tracts and great vessels. They are a leading cause of symptomatic cyanotic cardiac disease diagnosed in utero.
Epidemiology
They may account for up to a fifth of all congenital cardiac anomalies ...
Article
Fetal adrenal hemorrhage
Fetal adrenal hemorrhage is an uncommon occurrence and must be differentiated from other lesions especially neuroblastoma.
Pathology
The exact cause of adrenal bleeding in utero is not well known at the time of writing. It has been associated with birth trauma (breech birth), perinatal asphyxi...
Article
Uterine inversion
Uterine inversion is a rare condition in which the uterus is essentially turned inside out. There are two types: "puerperal" (within six weeks of childbirth) and "non-puerperal". The reason for uterine inversion is unclear. In the puerperal form, it is theorized that excessive traction on the um...
Article
Cephalohematoma
Cephalohematomas are traumatic subperiosteal hematomas of the skull that are usually caused by birth injury. They are bound between the periosteum and cranium, and therefore cannot cross sutures. Being bound by a suture line distinguishes them from subgaleal hematoma, which can cross sutures.
E...
Article
Pentalogy of Cantrell
The pentalogy of Cantrell is an extremely rare phenomenon with an incidence estimated at around 6 per million live births 3.
It encompasses the following 5 main features 1.
omphalocele
ectopia cordis (abnormal location of heart)
diaphragmatic defect
pericardial defect or sternal cleft
car...
Article
Amelia
Amelia refers to a skeletal dysplasia characterized by the complete agenesis of an upper or lower extremity or all four limbs. It may be associated with other congenital anomalies, i.e. omphalocele and diaphragmatic hernias 3.
Epidemiology
Amelia is a very rare congenital anomaly with an incid...
Article
Increased fetal abdominal circumference
Increased fetal abdominal circumference is usually given when the abdominal circumference lies above the 90th percentile. During the second and especially the third trimester, an increased abdominal circumference usually contributes to a high estimated fetal weight (large for dates fetus), which...
Article
Congenital renal anomalies
Congenital renal anomalies comprise of vast spectrum of pathologies and include:
renal agenesis
renal dysgenesis
congenital renal hypoplasia
congenital megacalyectasis
congenital cystic renal disease
infantile polycystic renal disease: autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD):...
Article
Tubal ectopic pregnancy
Tubal ectopic pregnancy, also known as adnexal ectopic pregnancy, is the most common location of an ectopic pregnancy.
Epidemiology
It is the most common type of ectopic by far, accounting for 93-97% of cases.
Pathology
Although the fallopian tube has many anatomical parts, for the purposes ...
Article
Ventricular septal defect
Ventricular septal defects (VSD) represent a hole or pathway in the interventricular septum that allows for communication between the right and left ventricles. It typically results in a left-to-right shunt.
Epidemiology
They represent one of the most common congenital cardiac anomalies and ma...
Article
Congenital granular cell myoblastoma
A congenital granular cell myoblastoma (also known as congenital epulis) is a very rare benign tumor which classically presents in the fetal-neonatal population.
Epidemiology
It occurs almost exclusively in females when it presents in the fetal-neonatal population although no such predilection...
Article
Sacrococcygeal teratoma
Sacrococcygeal teratoma refers to a teratoma arising in the sacrococcygeal region. The coccyx is almost always involved 6.
Epidemiology
It is the most common congenital tumor in the fetus 11 and neonate 3. The incidence is estimated at ~1:35,000-40,000. There is a recognized female predilectio...
Article
Fetal pericardial effusion
Fetal pericardial effusions occur when there is an accumulation of pericardial fluid in utero. In order to be considered abnormal, it is generally accepted that the pericardial fluid thickness should be >2 mm ref.
Epidemiology
The estimated incidence is at ~ 2% of pregnancies 8.
Pathology
As...
Article
Fetal cardiomegaly
Fetal cardiomegaly (FC) refers to an enlarged fetal heart. It is variably defined with some sources stating the cut-off as a fetal cardio-thoracic circumference above two standard deviations 7.
Pathology
It can arise from a number of situations:
congenital cardiac anomalies: particularly
tr...
Article
Turner syndrome
Turner syndrome, also known as 45XO or 45X, is the most common of the sex chromosome abnormalities in females.
Epidemiology
The incidence is estimated at 1:2000-5000 of live births, although the in utero rate is much higher (1-2% of conceptions) due to a significant proportion of affected fet...
Article
Frog eye sign
The frog eye sign is seen when the orbital structures show a characteristic protrusion due to fetal anencephaly. The term is particularly used in point of care ultrasound (POCUS) 1.
Radiographic features
On obstetric ultrasound the frog eye sign is best appreciated in the coronal plane (in re...
Article
Abdominal ectopic pregnancy
Abdominal ectopic pregnancies are an extremely rare type of ectopic pregnancy.
Epidemiology
They are thought to represent ~1% of all ectopic pregnancies 6 with an estimated incidence of 1:1000-10,000 births.
Pathology
It is often thought that they most frequently result from a tubal rupture ...
Article
Choriocarcinoma
Choriocarcinoma is an aggressive, highly vascular tumor. When it is associated with gestation, it is often considered part of the spectrum of gestational trophoblastic disease; it is then termed gestational choriocarcinoma. When it occurs in the absence of preceding gestation, it is termed non-g...
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