Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
More than 200 results
Article
Congenital infiltrating lipomatosis of the face
Congenital infiltrating lipomatosis of the face is a very rare congenital, non-hereditary disease manifesting with prominent unilateral facial overgrowth and deformity.
Clinical presentation
Facial asymmetry is always noted at birth. Other findings on the affected side include:
unilateral ske...
Article
Dragonfly sign
Dragonfly sign describes the appearance of the cerebellum on coronal images, which is seen secondary to cerebellar atrophy in pontocerebellar hypoplasia 1.
The sign is so called as the whole cerebellum resembles the shape of a dragonfly if one imagines the vermis is the body of the insect and t...
Article
Galeazzi fracture-dislocation
Galeazzi fracture-dislocations consist of a fracture of the distal part of the radius with disruption of the distal radioulnar joint. A Galeazzi-equivalent fracture is a distal radial fracture with a distal ulnar physeal fracture 2.
Epidemiology
Galeazzi fractures are primarily encountered in ...
Article
Bronchogenic cyst
Bronchogenic cysts are congenital malformations of the bronchial tree (a type of bronchopulmonary foregut malformation). They can present as a mediastinal mass that may enlarge and cause local compression. It is also considered the commonest of foregut duplication cysts.
Epidemiology
Bronchoge...
Article
Bilateral thalamic glioma
Bilateral thalamic gliomas are rare but characteristic low-grade astrocytomas that occur in both children and young adults.
Clinical presentation
Presentation may vary with age. Young children with bilateral thalamic glioma often have signs of increased intracranial pressure and movement disor...
Article
Cobb collar
Cobb collar, also known as a Moormann ring or congenital narrowing of the bulbar urethra, is a membranous stricture of the bulbar urethra just downstream of the external urethral sphincter. It is sometimes referred to as a type III posterior urethral valve (PUV), and does not maintain a connecti...
Article
Pyloric stenosis
Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (HPS) refers to the idiopathic thickening of gastric pyloric musculature which then results in progressive gastric outlet obstruction.
Epidemiology
Pyloric stenosis is relatively common, with an incidence of approximately 2-5 per 1000 births, and a male predilect...
Article
Apophysis of the proximal 5th metatarsal
The apophysis of the proximal 5th metatarsal (plural apophyses) lies laterally and is oriented longitudinally parallel to the shaft.
Apophysis of the fifth metatarsal base appears on plain radiographs at age 12 years for boys and 10 years for girls. Fusion of the apophysis to the metatarsal bas...
Article
Multiple sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a relatively common acquired chronic demyelinating disease involving the central nervous system, and is the second most common cause of neurological impairment in young adults, after trauma 19. Characteristically, and by definition, multiple sclerosis is disseminated i...
Article
Rhabdomyosarcoma (genitourinary tract)
Rhabdomyosarcomas of the genitourinary tract are uncommon tumors occurring in pelvic organs. It is a disease nearly exclusive to the pediatric population.
For a general discussion of this type of tumor, please refer to the article on rhabdomyosarcomas.
Epidemiology
The peak incidence of tumo...
Article
Vesicoureteric reflux
Vesicoureteric reflux (VUR) is the term for the abnormal flow of urine from the bladder into the upper urinary tract and is typically encountered in young children.
For grading of vesicoureteric reflux, please refer to vesicoureteric reflux grading.
Epidemiology
The incidence of urinary tract...
Article
Erb palsy
Erb palsy, also known as brachial plexus birth palsy, is a form of obstetric brachial plexus injury as a result of complications during delivery.
Clinical presentation
The most common cause is due to excessive lateral traction or stretching of the fetal head and neck in opposite directions du...
Article
Congenital hypothyroidism
Congenital hypothyroidism (CHT), previously known as cretinism, can be of thyroidal or central (hypothalamic/pituitary) origin and can have a widely diverse molecular etiology.
Clinical presentation
Most children are asymptomatic at birth and are diagnosed after screening. In untreated congeni...
Article
Morquio syndrome
Morquio syndrome (in older literature it is sometimes called Morquio-Brailsford syndrome) is an autosomal recessive mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) type IV.
Epidemiology
Incidence estimated at ~1:40,000.
Clinical presentation
Many cases present at ~2 years of age and have normal intelligence. Cl...
Article
Pelvic osteotomy
Pelvic osteotomy relates to an orthopedic treatment for developmental acetabular dysplasia of the hip.
The main purpose of pelvic osteotomy is the prevention of early degenerative changes by stabilization of the hip and redistribution of joint loading. It is obtained by surgical reshaping/remod...
Article
Prostaglandin-induced cortical hyperostosis in infants with cyanotic congenital heart disease
Prostaglandin-induced cortical hyperostosis in infants is a well-known side-effect from the treatment of cyanotic congenital heart diseases. Prostaglandin-E1 (injectable form), and prostaglandin-E2 (oral form) are E-type prostaglandins (PGE), that are commonly used in newborns with cyanotic cong...
Article
Muscle-eye-brain disease
Muscle-eye-brain disease, a part of the spectrum of congenital muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy with brain and eye anomalies (type A3; MDDGA3), is a congenital muscular dystrophy with associated progressive eye and brain abnormalities.
Clinical presentation
There is severe intellectual di...
Article
Gastroschisis
Gastroschisis refers to an extra-abdominal herniation (evisceration) of fetal or neonatal bowel loops (and occasionally portions of the stomach and or liver) into the amniotic cavity through a para-umbilical anterior abdominal wall defect.
Epidemiology
The estimated incidence is around 1-6 per...
Article
Kawasaki disease
Kawasaki disease is a small to medium vessel vasculitis predominantly affecting young children. It can affect any organ but there is a predilection for the coronary vessels.
Epidemiology
Japan has the highest incidence in the world, with an annual incidence of 3 per 1000 children under the age...
Article
Galloway-Mowat syndrome
Galloway-Mowat syndrome (GAMOS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by nephrotic syndrome and central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities, namely microcephaly.
Epidemiology
Galloway-Mowat syndrome is considered extremely rare. Approximately 40 cases have been reported worldwide...
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