Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
More than 200 results
Article
Systematic chest radiograph assessment (approach)
One approach to a systematic chest radiograph assessment is as follows:
projection
assessment of the technical adequacy
tubes and lines
cardiomediastinal contours
hila
airways, lungs and pleura
bones and soft tissue
review areas
Following a systematic approach on every chest radiograph ...
Article
Ottawa knee rules
The Ottawa knee rules are a clinical decision-making strategy for determining which patients require radiographic imaging for knee pain following trauma.
A patient with knee pain qualifies for knee radiographs if any of the following apply:
55 years or older
point tenderness at the fibular he...
Article
Lumbar spine protocol (MRI)
The MRI lumbar spine protocol encompasses a set of MRI sequences for the routine assessment of the lumbar spine.
Note: This article aims to frame a general concept of an MRI protocol for the assessment of the lumbar spine. Protocol specifics will vary depending on MRI scanner type, specific har...
Article
Empyema vs pulmonary abscess
Distinguishing between an empyema and a peripherally located pulmonary abscess is essential.
A pulmonary abscess is usually managed with prolonged antibiotics and physiotherapy with postural drainage, whereas an empyema usually requires percutaneous or surgical drainage.
Radiographic features
...
Article
Fluid collection
A fluid collection (often expressed in the medical vernacular as a collection) is a non-specific term used in radiology to refer to any loculation of liquid in the body, usually within a pre-existing anatomical space/potential space e.g. peritoneal, pleural, subdural, etc. The term is deliberate...
Article
Cervical spine protocol (MRI)
The MRI cervical spine protocol encompasses a set of MRI sequences for the routine assessment of the cervical spine.
Note: This article aims to frame a general concept of an MRI protocol for the assessment of the cervical spine. Protocol specifics will vary depending on MRI scanner type, specif...
Article
Fascia iliaca compartment block (ultrasound)
The fascia iliaca compartment block is a nerve block used to provide anesthesia to the lower extremity commonly in the perioperative period. It is most commonly used for analgesia of the hip, thigh, and knee. It involves the deposition of a local anesthetic beneath the fascia iliaca, targeting t...
Article
Tumors that metastasize to bone (mnemonic)
Tumors that metastasize to bone may be remembered using the mnemonic "PBKTL", rendered as "lead kettle", as "Pb" is the standard abbreviation for the chemical element, lead.
PB-KTL
Mnemonic
P: prostate
B: breast
K: kidney
T: thyroid
L: lung
For females, breast and lung are the most commo...
Article
Thoracic spine protocol (MRI)
The MRI thoracic spine protocol encompasses a set of MRI sequences for the routine assessment of the thoracic spine.
Note: This article aims to frame a general concept of an MRI protocol for the assessment of the thoracic spine. An MR thoracic spine protocol might be combined with a cervical sp...
Article
Uterine artery embolization MRI (an approach)
Uterine artery embolization (UAE) is used as an alternative to hysterectomy in selected patients and MRI assessment is key in allowing not only pre-procedure assessment but also assessing post-procedural outcome.
For a general discussion of the underlying condition refer to the article on uteri...
Article
Subperiosteal abscess
Subperiosteal abscesses refer to the subperiosteal spread of infection characterized by purulent encapsulated fluid collections within the subperiosteal space.
Epidemiology
Subperiosteal abscesses are more often seen in children than in adults 1,2.
Associations
Subperiosteal abscesses have b...
Article
Liposuction
Liposuction is a cosmetic procedure to reduce the volume of adipose tissue in the neck, arms, legs and/or abdomen. Areolar fat, a deeper layer of adipose tissue, is the main target and shows a good response to vacuum-assisted liposuction.
There are three types of this procedure 1,2:
power-ass...
Article
Pathognomonic
The term pathognomonic in radiology, as well as clinical medicine in general, refers to a finding or a sign that is only found in a single specific condition or specific group of conditions, i.e. the finding has 100% specificity. Thus by implication, a pathognomonic finding cannot and does not h...
Article
YEARS criteria for pulmonary embolism
The YEARS criteria is a diagnostic algorithm that determines the risk of pulmonary embolism (PE) derived from three items in the Wells score that are most predictive of PE 1. Unlike the Wells score, it uses a variable D-dimer threshold based off clinical pre-test probability. The YEARS criteria ...
Article
Fundoplication
Fundoplications are forms of antireflux surgery used as a second line of treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease after failure of medical treatment and the first line of treatment of paraesophageal hernia.
Technique
A gastric fold is wrapped around the distal esophagus which enforces the ...
Article
Jewett-Strong-Marshall tumor staging system
Jewett-Strong-Marshall tumor staging system for bladder cancer is of historic interest only and has been superseded by the TNM staging system.
stage 0: epithelial
stage A: submucosal invasion but no involvement of muscle i.e. lamina propria
stage B: bladder wall or muscle invasion
B1: superf...
Article
CT angiography of the circle of Willis (protocol)
CT angiography of the circle of Willis (CTA COW) is a technique that allows visualization of the intracranial arteries; specifically the circle of Willis. While digital subtraction angiography (DSA) remains the gold standard for the diagnosis of intracranial aneurysms especially, CTA is a less i...
Article
Mitral annular plane systolic excursion
Mitral annular plane systolic excursion (MAPSE) refers to the displacement of the mitral valvular plane in the z-direction and reflects left ventricular longitudinal contraction or shortening, which has been attributed to account for about 60% of the stroke volume 1.
Terminology
Mitral annular...
Article
CT cisternography
Computed tomography (CT) cisternography is a minimally-invasive imaging technique used to visualize the intracranial CSF cisterns using iodinated contrast medium injected into the subarachnoid space.
Indications
detect and localize active CSF leaks through the skull base (CSF rhinorrhea or CSF...
Article
CT angiography of the cerebral arteries (protocol)
CT angiography of the cerebral arteries, also known as a CTA carotids or an arch to vertex angiogram, is a non-invasive technique that allows visualization of the internal and external carotid arteries and vertebral arteries and can include just the intracranial compartment or also extend down t...
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