Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
More than 200 results
Article
Pediatric knee (lateral view)
The lateral knee view for pediatrics is one of two views in order to examine the knee joint, patella, distal femur and proximal tibia and fibula. Depending on the child's age and the departmental protocol, additional views such as the skyline and intercondyler views may also be performed. In tra...
Article
Pediatric knee (horizontal beam lateral view)
The horizontal beam lateral knee view for pediatrics is a variation of the lateral knee view in order to examine the knee joint, patella, distal femur and proximal tibia and fibula. Depending on the child's age and the departmental protocol, additional views such as the skyline and intercondyler...
Article
Virtual non-contrast imaging
Virtual non-contrast imaging is an image post-processing technique used to create 'non-contrast' images of contrast-enhanced scans via the subtraction of iodine. It is an imaging technique unique to dual energy CT.
Virtual non-contrast imaging allows reduction in the radiation dose to the patie...
Article
Femur (AP view)
The anteroposterior femur view is part of a standard series examining the femur in its entirety, including the hip and knee joint. Due to the limitations of the image detector, these projections are often performed in two images per view to ensure inclusion of both knee and hip joints.
Indicati...
Article
Nasal bones (lateral view)
The lateral nasal bones view is a non-angled lateral radiograph showcasing two small oblong nasal bones situated side by side, together forming the nasal ridge.
Indications
This view is often primarily used in assessing various nasal bone fractures in the trauma setting. Depending on the depar...
Article
Forearm (lateral view)
Forearm lateral view is one of two standard projections in the forearm series to assess the radius and ulna.
Indications
This view allows for the assessment of suspected dislocations or fractures and localizing foreign bodies within the forearm.
Patient position
patient is seated alongside t...
Article
Humerus series
The humerus series is usually used for the detection of traumatic injury to the shaft of the humerus.
Indications
Humerus radiographs are performed for a variety of indications including:
trauma
bony tenderness at the glenohumeral joint/region
restriction of abduction
suspected disloca...
Article
Air gap technique (mammography)
The air gap technique is utilized for the magnification mammography view.
Magnification mammography is a high dose imaging technique which is generally utilized as a follow-up to a standard mammogram image series when a focal area needs to be more clearly examined 1. The air gap technique is ut...
Article
ADIR position
The ADIR (ADduction and Internal Rotation) position relates to MR arthrography of the shoulder joint.
When added to a neutral-position shoulder protocol, MR arthrography in the ADIR position facilitates the diagnosis of labroligamentous lesions in patients with recurrent shoulder dislocations, ...
Article
Wrist (lateral view)
The lateral wrist view is part of a three view series of the wrist and carpal bones. It is the orthogonal projection of the PA wrist.
Indications
The lateral wrist radiograph is requested for myriad reasons including but not limited to trauma, suspected infective processes, injuries the distal...
Article
Normal chest imaging examples
This article lists examples of normal imaging of the chest and surrounding structures, divided by modality.
Plain radiographs
Adult examples
chest radiograph
PA adult male
example 1
example 2: with inverted windows
example 3
PA adult female
example 1
example 2
example 3: with labels
...
Article
Knee series (pediatric)
The knee series for pediatrics consists of an anteroposterior and a lateral projection.
Indications
trauma with a suspected fracture
inability to weight-bear
suspected foreign body or bony lesions
Projections
anteroposterior view
lateral view
horizontal beam lateral view
Gonadal shieldi...
Article
CT abdominal aorta (protocol)
CT abdominal aorta can be performed with or without contrast. The decision is based on the indication, clinical indications provided, and vascular access. Various scanning methods can be utilized depending on the scanner and patient demographics.
NB: This article relates to general protocol des...
Article
Knee series
The knee series is a set of radiographs taken to investigate knee joint pathology, often in the context of trauma. It usually comprises an AP and lateral projection, although other non-standard, modified projections can be used for specific indications.
See also knee radiograph (an approach).
...
Article
CT neck, chest, abdomen-pelvis (NCAP protocol)
The CT neck chest-abdomen-pelvis protocol aims to evaluate the neck, thoracic and abdominal structures using contrast in trauma imaging. The use of contrast facilitates the assessment of pathologies globally whilst minimizing dose by potentially disregarding a non-contrast scan.
Note: This art...
Article
Hand (bilateral PA view)
The bilateral PA view is merely a single film that includes both hands, side by side. Although convenient, research in 2023 showed that the distortion due to divergent rays when imaging bilaterally can impact diagnosis and x-raying the hands individually is preferred at a minimal dose increase 1...
Article
CT four-phase liver (protocol)
The four-phase liver CT protocol is a useful examination in the assessment of focal liver lesions, hypervascular liver metastasis and endocrine tumors.
It is a triple-phase liver with an initial non-contrast component included before the intravenous contrast medium is given, often requested if ...
Article
Calcaneus (lateral view)
The calcaneus lateral view is part of the two view calcaneus series; this projection is used to assess the calcaneus, talocrural, talonavicular and talocalcaneal joint.
As technology advances, computed tomography (CT) has widely been used 1 to better visualize and characterize calcaneum fragmen...
Article
Gustav Bucky
Gustav Bucky (1880-1963) was a German-born, American radiologist who pioneered the development of anti-scatter grids in projectional radiography with his invention, the Bucky diaphragm.
Early life
Gustav Peter Bucky was born in the city of Leipzig, Germany on 3 September 1880 2,3,5. He had a k...
Article
Scoliosis (lateral bending view)
Scoliosis lateral bending views are additional scoliosis projections accompanying the standard PA/AP and lateral views.
Indications
The aim of this view is to assess patients' lateral range of spinal motion 1 in the vertebral column as part of a scoliosis series.
Patient position
patient er...
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