Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
More than 200 results
Article
McKusick Kaufman syndrome
McKusick Kaufman syndrome (MKS) is an autosomal recessive multiple malformation syndrome primarily characterized by
hydrometrocolpos - vaginal atresia
post-axial polydactyly
congenital heart disease
Article
Ureterovaginal fistula
Ureterovaginal fistulae refer to abnormal communications between the lumina of the ureter(s) and the vagina.
Clinical presentation
Patients usually present with urinary incontinence through the vagina which may be accompanied by fever and chills 1. Symptoms usually begin within 2-4 weeks foll...
Article
Uterine arteriovenous malformation
Uterine arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) result from the formation of multiple arteriovenous fistulous communications within the uterus without an intervening capillary network.
Terminology
Somewhat confusingly, the term “uterine arteriovenous malformation” has been used interchangeably with...
Article
Abnormally thickened endometrium (differential)
Abnormally thickened endometrium on imaging may occur for a number of reasons which may be categorized based on whether or not they are related to pregnancy. Etiologies may also be classified based on whether the patient is premenopausal or postmenopausal.
Differential diagnosis
Pregnancy-rela...
Article
Adenosquamous carcinoma of endometrium (historical)
Adenosquamous carcinoma of the endometrium is term formerly used to describe a rare histological subtype of endometrial cancer that contains both malignant glandular and malignant squamous components.
As of the 5th edition (2020) of the WHO classification of tumors of the uterine corpus, the su...
Article
Red degeneration of a leiomyoma
Red degeneration, also known as carneous degeneration, is one of four main types of degeneration that can involve a uterine leiomyoma. While it is an uncommon type of degeneration, it is thought to be the most common form of degeneration of a leiomyoma during pregnancy 3.
Clinical presentation
...
Article
Perineum
The perineum is a diamond-shaped region below the pelvic diaphragm and is divided by an imaginary line drawn between the ischial tuberosities into anteriorly the urogenital triangle and posteriorly the anal triangle.
Gross anatomy
The perineum is bounded by the pubis anteriorly, the ischial tu...
Article
Ovary size and volume
Ovary size and volume is frequently determined with ultrasound. The volume estimate is calculated by the formula for an ellipsoid, where D1, D2, and D3 are the three axial measurements:
D1 x D2 x D3 x 0.52
The normal, adult, non-pregnant, mean ovary volume of women who are not postmenopausal i...
Article
Adenocarcinoma of the cervix
Adenocarcinoma of the cervix is a histological subtype of carcinoma of the cervix.
Epidemiology
Cervical adenocarcinoma is less common than squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) of the cervix, accounting for ~12.5% of all cervical cancer. Their proportionate prevalence is thought to be increasing an...
Article
Habitual miscarriage
A habitual miscarriage is the term given when a woman has had more than three miscarriages and it affects approximately 1-2% of women.
Pathology
Many causes are identified.
congenital uterine
Mullerian duct anomalies
acquired uterine causes
leiomyoma
uterine adhesion bands
cervical incom...
Article
Uterine artery embolization MRI (an approach)
Uterine artery embolization (UAE) is used as an alternative to hysterectomy in selected patients and MRI assessment is key in allowing not only pre-procedure assessment but also assessing post-procedural outcome.
For a general discussion of the underlying condition refer to the article on uteri...
Article
Spinnbarkeit
Spinnbarkeit is a property of viscoelastic fluids that describes their capacity to be drawn out into an unbroken strand 1. Synonymous terms include spinnability and fibrosity. Human bodily fluids that can exhibit a degree of spinnbarkeit include mucus (especially cervical mucus), saliva and syno...
Article
Ovarian yolk sac tumor
Ovarian yolk sac tumors, also known as endodermal sinus tumors, are a type of ovarian germ cell tumors.
Epidemiology
Ovarian yolk sac tumor is a rare malignant ovarian germ cell tumor that usually occurs around the second decade of life. It is considered the most common malignant germ cell tum...
Article
Clear cell carcinoma of the endometrium
Clear cell carcinoma (CCC) of the endometrium is an uncommon histological subtype of endometrial cancer, only accounting for 1-5.5% of all endometrial carcinomas. It is often associated with an aggressive clinical behavior and poorer outcome 4,5. Only few case reports have described MRI findings...
Article
Fallopian tube polyp
A fallopian tube polyp refers to a small focal lesion of ectopic endometrial tissue located at the intramural portion of the fallopian tube.
Epidemiology
The reported incidence is 1- 2.5% on hysterosalpingograms performed for assessment of infertility 3
Clinical presentation
Most patients w...
Article
Endosalpingiosis
Endosalpingiosis refers to the presence of ciliated, glandular epithelium resembling the inner lining of the fallopian tube located in an ectopic location. The condition may present as cystic structures usually implanted on the peritoneal serosa 1.
Epidemiology
Endosalpingiosis is considered a...
Article
Congenital utero-vaginal anomalies
There are many classification systems for congenital utero-vaginal anomalies. These include:
Buttram and Gibbons classification 2
American Fertility Society (AFS) classification
Modified Rock and Adam - AFS classification
Modified Rock and Adam - AFS classification
This classification divid...
Article
Fetal transverse cerebellar diameter
In obstetric imaging, the fetal transverse cerebellar diameter (TCD) is often measured as an additional fetal biometric parameter. It is measured as the maximal diameter between the cerebellar hemispheres on an axial scan. The value of the transverse cerebellar diameter in mm's is considered rou...
Article
Pyosalpinx
Pyosalpinx refers to a fallopian tube that is filled, and often distended, with pus.
Pathology
A pyosalpinx often tends to be a complication of background pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Inflammation results in tubal and peritubal adhesions with superimposed obstruction of the fimbrial end....
Article
Brenner tumor
Brenner tumors are an uncommon surface epithelial tumor of the ovary. It was originally known as a transitional cell tumor due to its histological similarity to the urothelium. Brenner tumors account for ~3% of ovarian epithelial neoplasms. They can very rarely occur in other locations, includin...
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