Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
More than 200 results
Article
Cartilage
Cartilage or cartilaginous tissue is a resilient and type of connective tissue of mesodermal origin that forms an integral part within the musculoskeletal system and as a structural component in other organs.
Cartilage can be generally classified into the following main types:
hyaline cartil...
Article
Condylar canal
The condylar canal, or canalis condylaris, is a skull base canal in the posterior cranial fossa, located in the condylar fossa. It is the largest of the emissary foramina of the skull 1.
Summary
location: in the condylar fossa of the posterior cranial fossa, posterior to the occipital condyles...
Article
Cacosmia
Cacosmia refers to a form of olfactory dysfunction where the patient has an inability to "recognize" smells. It can arise from a number of pathologies and can include peripheral sinonasal and central sensorineural components. In this situation, the patient knows there is a smell but cannot disti...
Article
Foramen rotundum
The foramen rotundum (plural: foramina rotunda) is located in the middle cranial fossa, inferomedial to the superior orbital fissure at the base of greater wing of the sphenoid bone. Its medial border is formed by lateral wall of sphenoid sinus. It runs downwards and laterally in an oblique path...
Article
Pterygoid canal
The pterygoid canal, also known as the Vidian canal, is a foramen in the base of skull, located in the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone, superior to the pterygoid plates, and inferomedial to the foramen rotundum. It transmits the Vidian artery and Vidian nerve from the middle cranial fossa...
Article
Leave alone lesions - skull base
Leave alone lesions of the skull base refers to incidental findings that do not require treatment nor follow-up.
This article includes findings from brain CT, HRCT of the temporal bone, and MRI studies.
Do not touch:
arrested pneumatization of the skull base - sphenoid benign fatty lesion 1
...
Article
Melioidosis
Melioidosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei (previously known as Pseudomonas pseudomallei) and is a multisystem disorder which may affect the lungs, brain, visceral organs, or musculoskeletal system.
Epidemiology
Melioidosis is a disease of the monsoo...
Article
Clival fracture
Clival fractures are uncommon skull base fractures resulting from high-energy cranial trauma and are usually associated with other skull vault fractures and brain injuries.
For a general discussion, please refer to the article on basilar fractures of the skull.
Epidemiology
Most fractures of ...
Article
Orbital epidermoid cyst
Orbital epidermoid cysts are a rare cause of an orbital mass.
Clinical presentation
Patients most commonly present with a mass and lid swelling 1.
Pathology
Orbital epidermoid cysts can be congenital, acquired (e.g. post-surgery, trauma), or lacrimal gland duct obstruction 3. They can be a...
Article
Haller cells
Haller cells, also known as infraorbital ethmoidal air cells, are ethmoid air cells located lateral to the maxillo-ethmoidal suture along the inferomedial orbital floor.
Epidemiology
They are present in ~20% (range 2-45%) of patients, depending on their exact definition 1-3.
Clinical present...
Article
Deafness
Deafness (also known as hearing loss or impairment) is the partial or complete loss of the sense of hearing.
It may be subdivided etiologically into
conductive: impairment of the passage of sound waves from the auricle to the inner ear
sensorineural: impairment localizes to the inner ear, in...
Article
Suboccipital muscle group
The suboccipital muscle group contains four paired muscles, three of which pairs belong to the suboccipital triangle. These muscles all lie below the occipital bone and are responsible for postural support of the head, as well as extension, lateral flexion and rotation. As these muscles are smal...
Article
Corniculate cartilage
The corniculate cartilages are small paired, elastic and accessory cartilages of the larynx that lie superior to and articulate with the superior process of the arytenoid cartilages. They are 2 of the 9 laryngeal cartilages.
History and etymology
The word 'corniculate' comes from the Latin wor...
Article
Branches of the external carotid artery (mnemonic)
Mnemonics for the branches of the external carotid artery abound. A few colorful examples include:
Some American Ladies Found Our Pyramids Most Satisfactory
Some Anatomists Like Freaking Out Poor Medical Students
She Always Likes Friends Over Papa, Mama, and Sister
There are many many many ...
Article
Middle ear
The middle ear or middle ear cavity, also known as tympanic cavity or tympanum (plural: tympanums/tympana), is an air-filled chamber in the petrous part of the temporal bone. It is separated from the external ear by the tympanic membrane, and from the inner ear by the medial wall of the tympanic...
Article
Occipital bone
The occipital bone, also known as C0, is a trapezoid skull bone that contributes to the posteroinferior part of the cranial vault. It is pierced by the foramen magnum, permitting communication from the cranial cavity to the vertebral canal.
Terminology
Occiput is a noun referring to the back o...
Article
Vagal schwannoma
Vagal schwannomas are uncommon benign masses that can occur anywhere along the course of the vagus nerve but most commonly occur in the cervical region.
Epidemiology
Most commonly occurs in the 3rd to 5th decades. No sex predilection 3.
Clinical presentation
Patients may be asymptomatic. Whe...
Article
Canal wall down mastoidectomy
A canal-wall-down mastoidectomy comprises a group of mastoidectomies which is more open and extensive than a canal-wall-up mastoidectomy. In addition to traditional forms, various modified forms are now performed (see modified canal wall down mastoidectomy).
They initially comprise the similar ...
Article
Jod-Basedow phenomenon
Jod-Basedow phenomenon is hyperthyroidism following iodine intake in a person with long term underlying thyroid disease.
Pathology
Jod-Basedow phenomenon occurs due to either overactivation of the entire thyroid gland or, more commonly, autonomous nodules within the gland after iodine repletio...
Article
Congenital hypothyroidism
Congenital hypothyroidism (CHT), previously known as cretinism, can be of thyroidal or central (hypothalamic/pituitary) origin and can have a widely diverse molecular etiology.
Clinical presentation
Most children are asymptomatic at birth and are diagnosed after screening. In untreated congeni...
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